Reading a result
- Listed INN means the exact name is one of the example INN in WHO's stem book. The decoder then shows the stems WHO lists it under, longest (most specific) first: aciclovir carries both -ciclovir and the broader vir.
- National spellings are recognised. WHO's rules write f for ph, t for th, e for ae or oe and i for y, so the US name acyclovir is the INN aciclovir and cephalexin is cefalexin. The result says when your spelling differs from the INN.
- A pattern match on an unlisted name is labelled as a pattern only. Brand names and old names can contain the same letters by chance: Nexium ends in -ium without being a quaternary ammonium compound. When such a name turns out to be a brand in the FDA or EMA lists, the brand answer replaces the pattern.
- Official names that differ by country are named, with their source. Paracetamol is the WHO INN, and the US name of the same medicine is acetaminophen; albuterol is the US adopted name for the INN salbutamol; lignocaine is the former British name that the rINN lidocaine replaced in 2003. The names-by-country table lists every such pair the decoder knows.
- Names as printed on US labels often carry more than the INN. A salt word (naproxen sodium, atorvastatin calcium, esomeprazole magnesium, diclofenac potassium) names what the medicine is paired with in the compound. The decoder sets it aside and reads the stem in the rest, so the -ium at the end of sodium or the calci inside calcium is never taken for a stem; aclidinium bromide keeps -ium, because there the letters belong to the INN. Words that are part of the INN itself stay: alfa in epoetin alfa, pegol in certolizumab pegol. A four-letter suffix after a hyphen (adalimumab-atto, infliximab-dyyb, pegfilgrastim-jmdb) is added by the US FDA to the name of a biological product: its Guidance for Industry: Nonproprietary Naming of Biological Products (January 2017, docket FDA-2013-D-1543; checked 2026-09-24) joins a core name to "a distinguishing suffix that is devoid of meaning and composed of four lowercase letters", so that products sharing a core name can be told apart. The decoder reads the core name (adalimumab, -mab) and says the suffix letters mean nothing. Limits: the suffix is split only when it follows a hyphen and at least four letters; a name made only of salt words, such as sodium chloride, is read whole. What each of the 74 salt, ester and water words names, and WHO's new antibody endings: Salts & suffixes.
- A US generic name that FDA's Drugs@FDA lists as an active ingredient is labelled as one, with the number of brand-name products FDA lists it in, even when it carries no stem.
- No stem, for a name in none of those lists, means just that. The name may be a brand name (in 1993 the World Health Assembly, in resolution WHA46.19, asked that trade marks not be built from INN stems), an older generic from before the stem system, or a name outside it. The decoder does not guess which.
What this cannot tell you
Brand names come from a second source. The stem book lists generic names only, so a brand name carries no stem of its own. When the name you type is exactly a US brand name in FDA's Drugs@FDA data (Lipitor), the decoder adds the generic FDA lists behind it (ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM) and decodes that instead; an EU brand name in the European Medicines Agency's list of centrally authorised medicines (Rasilez) gets the INN EMA lists (aliskiren); and a brand authorised in any EU or EEA country, from EMA's Article 57 list (Panodil), gets its active substance (paracetamol) and the countries. A brand answer comes first: Panodil happens to end in the letters of the stem -dil, but as a brand name that pattern says nothing, so it is not shown as the headline. The brand name lookup finds these names by brand, and works the other way, generic to brand, for the US and EU centrally authorised names. No clinical information, ever. A stem records the naming group WHO placed a substance in when it chose the name. It says nothing about whether a medicine suits a person, how it compares with another, or what to do with it. Definitions are WHO's own wording, copied as written.
All 482 WHO stems
One row per stem: where it sits in a name, WHO's definition, and the example INN WHO lists for it (8,374 names in all). Every row has its own link. Filter by a stem, a word in the definition or a name. Stems with 20 or more names, and a dozen often looked up, also have a page of their own with every name WHO lists, the stem marked, and related stems; their stem cell links to it.
| Stem | Where | WHO definition | Example INN |
|---|---|---|---|
| -abine | end | arabinofuranosyl derivatives; nucleosides antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azacitidine derivatives | 35 ancitabine, apricitabine, aspacytarabine, capecitabine, clofarabine, cytarabine, decitabine, dexelvucitabine +27 moreelvucitabine, emtricitabine, enocitabine, fazarabine, fiacitabine, fludarabine, flurocitabine, fosgemcitabine palabenamide, fostroxacitabine bralpamide, galocitabine, gemcitabine, gemcitabine elaidate, guadecitabine, ibacitabine, lumicitabine, mericitabine, nelarabine, radgocitabine, roducitabine, sapacitabine, tezacitabine, torcitabine, troxacitabine, valopicitabine, valtorcitabine, vidarabine, zalcitabine |
| -ac | end | anti-inflammatory agents, ibufenac derivatives | 41 aceclofenac, alclofenac, amfenac, anirolac, bendazac, bromfenac, bufezolac, cinfenoac +33 moreclidanac, clofurac, clopirac, dexpemedolac, diclofenac, diclofenac etalhyaluronate, eltenac, etodolac, felbinac, fenclofenac, fenclorac, fentiazac, furofenac, ibufenac, isofezolac, isoxepac, ketorolac, lexofenac, lonazolac, mofezolac, nepafenac, oxepinac, oxindanac, pemedolac, pirazolac, rovazolac, sulindac, tianafac, tifurac, tiopinac, trifezolac, zenuzolac, zomepirac |
| -acetam | end | amide type nootrope agents, piracetam derivatives | 23 aloracetam, aniracetam, brivaracetam, cebaracetam, coluracetam, dimiracetam, doliracetam, dupracetam +15 moreetiracetam, fasoracetam, fonturacetam, imuracetam, levetiracetam, molracetam, nebracetam, nefiracetam, nicoracetam, omberacetam, oxiracetam, piracetam, pramiracetam, rolziracetam, seletracetam |
| -actide | end | synthetic polypeptide with a corticotropin-like action | 9 alsactide, codactide, giractide, norleusactide, seractide, tetracosactide, tosactide, tricosactide +1 moretridecactide |
| -adenant | end | adenosin receptor antagonists | 8 ciforadenant, etrumadenant, imaradenant, inupadenant, preladenant, taminadenant, tozadenant, vipadenant |
| -adol/-adol- | end or inside | analgesics | 54 acetylmethadol, alimadol, alphacetylmethadol, alphamethadol, apadoline, asimadoline, axomadol, befiradol +46 morebetacetylmethadol, betamethadol, bromadoline, cebranopadol, ciprefadol, ciramadol, cloracetadol, desmetramadol, dibusadol, dimenoxadol, diproxadol, eluxadoline, enadoline, faxeladol, filenadol, flumexadol, fluradoline, gaboxadol, indantadol, insalmadol, levacetylmethadol, levonantradol, lexanopadol, lorcinadol, moxadolen, myfadol, nafoxadol, nantradol, nerbacadol, noracymethadol, oxapadol, picenadol, pinadoline, pipradimadol, pipramadol, pravadoline, profadol, radolmidine, ruzadolane, spiradoline, tapentadol, tazadolene, tolpadol, tramadol, vadoline, veradoline |
| -adom | end | analgesics, tifluadom derivatives | 2 lufuradom, tifluadom |
| -afenone | end | antiarrhythmics, propafenone derivatives | 5 alprafenone, berlafenone, diprafenone, etafenone, propafenone |
| -afil | end | inhibitors of phosphodiesterase PDE5 with vasodilator action | 10 avanafil, beminafil, dasantafil, gisadenafil, lodenafil carbonate, mirodenafil, sildenafil, tadalafil +2 moreudenafil, vardenafil |
| -aj- | inside | antiarrhythmics, ajmaline derivatives | 3 detajmium bitartrate, lorajmine, prajmalium bitartrate |
| -aldrate | end | antacids, aluminium salts | 5 carbaldrate, magaldrate, potassium glucaldrate, simaldrate, sodium glucaspaldrate |
| -alol | end | aromatic ring related to -olols | 12 amosulalol, bendacalol, brefonalol, bufuralol, dexsotalol, dilevalol, labetalol, medroxalol +4 morenifenalol, pronetalol, sotalol, sulfinalol |
| -alox | end | antacids, aluminium derivatives | 2 glucalox, sucralox |
| -amivir | end | neuraminidase inhibitors | 4 laninamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir |
| -ampanel | end | antagonists of the ionotropic non-NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) glutamate receptors (Namely the AMPA (amino-hydroxymethyl-isoxazole-propionic acid) and/or KA (kainite) receptors) | 8 becampanel, dasolampanel, irampanel, perampanel, selurampanel, talampanel, tezampanel, zonampanel |
| andr former | anywhere | steroids, androgens | 6 androstanolone, methandriol, nandrolone, norethandrolone, ovandrotone albumin, silandrone |
| -anib | end | angiogenesis inhibitors | 29 acrizanib, alofanib, beloranib, bevasiranib, brivanib alaninate, cediranib, crenolanib, foslinanib +21 morelinifanib, lucitanib, motesanib, necuparanib, nintedanib, opaganib, pazopanib, pegaptanib, pegdinetanib, pegpleranib, risuteganib, rivoceranib, semaxanib, timtraxanib, tivozanib, toceranib, trebananib, umedaptanib pegol, vandetanib, vatalanib, vorolanib |
| -anserin | end | serotonin receptor antagonists (mostly 5-HT2) | 19 adatanserin, altanserin, blonanserin, butanserin, eplivanserin, fananserin, flibanserin, iferanserin +11 moreketanserin, lidanserin, nelotanserin, opiranserin, pelanserin, pimavanserin, pruvanserin, seganserin, trelanserin, tropanserin, volinanserin |
| -antel | end | anthelminthics (undefined group) | 16 amidantel, atelocantel, carbantel, closantel, derquantel, epsiprantel, febantel, flurantel +8 moremonepantel, morantel, pexantel, praziquantel, pyrantel, resorantel, salantel, zilantel |
| -antrone | end | antineoplastics; anthraquinone derivatives | 11 ametantrone, banoxantrone, butantrone, ledoxantrone, losoxantrone, mitoxantrone, nortopixantrone, piroxantrone +3 morepixantrone, teloxantrone, topixantrone |
| -apine | end | tricyclic compounds | 19 amoxapine, asenapine, batelapine, clotiapine, clozapine, esmirtazapine, flumezapine, fluperlapine +11 moreloxapine, metiapine, mirtazapine, olanzapine, pentiapine, perlapine, quetiapine, rilapine, serazapine, tenilapine, zicronapine |
| -apt- | inside | aptamers, classical and mirror ones | 6 avacincaptad pegol, egaptivon pegol, emapticap pegol, lexaptepid pegol, olaptesed pegol, pegaptanib |
| -(ar)abine | end | arabinofuranosyl derivatives | 31 ancitabine, apricitabine, aspacytarabine, capecitabine, clofarabine, cytarabine, decitabine, dexelvucitabine +23 moreelvucitabine, emtricitabine, enocitabine, fazarabine, fiacitabine, fludarabine, flurocitabine, fosgemcitabine palabenamide, galocitabine, gemcitabine, guadecitabine, ibacitabine, lumicitabine, mericitabine, nelarabine, sapacitabine, tezacitabine, torcitabine, troxacitabine, valopicitabine, valtorcitabine, vidarabine, zalcitabine |
| -arit | end | antiarthritic substances, acting like clobuzarit and lobenzarit, (mechanism different from anti-inflammatory type substances, e.g. -fenamates or -profens) | 5 actarit, bindarit, clobuzarit, lobenzarit, romazarit |
| -arol former | end | anticoagulants, dicoumarol derivatives | 6 acenocoumarol, clocoumarol, coumetarol, dicoumarol, tioclomarol, xylocoumarol |
| -arotene | end | arotinoid derivatives | 13 adarotene, amsilarotene, betacarotene, bexarotene, etarotene, linarotene, mofarotene, palovarotene +5 moresumarotene, tamibarotene, tazarotene, temarotene, trifarotene |
| arte- | start | antimalarial agents, artemisinin related compounds | 9 artefenomel, arteflene, artemether, artemisinin, artemisone, artemotil, artenimol, arterolane +1 moreartesunate |
| -ase | end | enzymes | 20 alteplase, amediplase, bucelipase alfa, burlulipase, desmoteplase, duteplase, lanoteplase, ledismase +12 moremonteplase, nasaruplase, nasaruplase beta, nateplase, pamiteplase, reteplase, rizolipase, saruplase, sebelipase alfa, silteplase, sudismase, tenecteplase |
| -ast | end | anti-allergic or anti-inflammatory, not acting as anti-histaminics | 84 ablukast, acitazanolast, acreozast, andolast, apremilast, asobamast, ataquimast, batebulast +76 morebexotegrast, binizolast, bunaprolast, carotegrast, catramilast, cilomilast, cinalukast, dametralast, dazoquinast, difamilast, doqualast, dovramilast, eclazolast, eflumast, elbimilast, enofelast, enoxamast, fenprinast, filaminast, firategrast, gemilukast, ibudilast, idenast, imitrodast, indimilast, iralukast, lavamilast, lifitegrast, lirimilast, lotamilast, loxanast, masilukast, melquinast, milategrast, montelukast, mufemilast, oglemilast, ontazolast, orismilast, oxalinast, pemirolast, piclamilast, picumast, pirodomast, pobilukast, pranlukast, quazolast, quinotolast, raxofelast, repirinast, revamilast, revenast, ritolukast, roflumilast, scopinast, seratrodast, sulukast, suplatast tosilate, tanimilast, tazanolast, tetomilast, tetrazolast, tiacrilast, tibenelast, tioxamast, tipelukast, tiprinast, tofimilast, tomelukast, tranilast, valategrast, verlukast, zafirlukast, zaprinast, zatolmilast, zaurategrast |
| -astine | end | antihistaminics | 28 acrivastine, alinastine, azelastine, bamirastine, barmastine, bepotastine, bilastine, carebastine +20 moreclemastine, dorastine, ebastine, emedastine, epinastine, flezelastine, levocabastine, linetastine, mapinastine, mizolastine, moxastine, noberastine, octastine, perastine, piclopastine, rocastine, setastine, talastine, temelastine, zepastine |
| -asvir | end | antivirals, hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors | 11 coblopasvir, daclatasvir, elbasvir, ledipasvir, odalasvir, ombitasvir, pibrentasvir, ravidasvir +3 moreruzasvir, samatasvir, velpatasvir |
| -azam | end | diazepam derivatives | 6 arfendazam, clobazam, lofendazam, razobazam, triflubazam, zomebazam |
| -azenil | end | benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (benzodiazepine derivatives) | 4 bretazenil, dimdazenil, flumazenil, sarmazenil |
| -azepam | end | diazepam derivatives | 49 bentazepam, bromazepam, camazepam, carburazepam, cinolazepam, clonazepam, clotiazepam, cyprazepam +41 moredelorazepam, diazepam, doxefazepam, elfazepam, fletazepam, fludiazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, flutemazepam, flutoprazepam, fosazepam, halazepam, iclazepam, lopirazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, meclonazepam, medazepam, menitrazepam, metaclazepam, motrazepam, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, nortetrazepam, oxazepam, pinazepam, pivoxazepam, prazepam, premazepam, proflazepam, quazepam, reclazepam, ripazepam, sulazepam, temazepam, tetrazepam, tolufazepam, tuclazepam, uldazepam, zolazepam |
| -azepide | end | cholecystokinin receptor antagonists, benzodiazepine derivatives | 6 ceclazepide, devazepide, nastorazepide, netazepide, pranazepide, tarazepide |
| -azocine | end | narcotic antagonists/agonists related to 6,7-benzomorphan | 17 anazocine, bremazocine, butinazocine, carbazocine, cogazocine, cyclazocine, eptazocine, gemazocine +9 moreibazocine, ketazocine, metazocine, moxazocine, pentazocine, phenazocine, quadazocine, tonazocine, volazocine |
| -azolam | end | diazepam derivatives | 14 adinazolam, alprazolam, clazolam, climazolam, cloxazolam, flutazolam, haloxazolam, ketazolam +6 moreloprazolam, mexazolam, midazolam, oxazolam, remimazolam, triazolam |
| -azoline | end | antihistaminics or local vasoconstrictors, antazoline derivatives | 20 antazoline, cilutazoline, cirazoline, clonazoline, coumazoline, domazoline, fenoxazoline, indanazoline +12 morelerimazoline, metrafazoline, naphazoline, nemazoline, oxymetazoline, phenamazoline, prednazoline, talazoline, tefazoline, tinazoline, tramazoline, xylometazoline |
| -azone | end | anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone derivatives | 9 bisfenazone, famprofazone, morazone, nifenazone, nimazone, niprofazone, phenazone, propyphenazone +1 moresulfinpyrazone |
| -azosin | end | antihypertensive substances, prazosin derivatives | 8 bunazosin, doxazosin, neldazosin, prazosin, quinazosin, terazosin, tiodazosin, trimazosin |
| -bacept | end | B-cell activating factor receptors | 1 briobacept |
| -bactam | end | β-lactamase inhibitors | 14 avibactam tomilopil, brobactam, durlobactam, edaborbactam, enmetazobactam, funobactam, ledaborbactam etzadroxil, nacubactam +6 morepralurbactam, relebactam, taniborbactam, vaborbactam, xeruborbactam, zidebactam |
| -bamate | end | tranquillizers, propanediol and pentanediol derivatives | 8 carisbamate, cenobamate, cyclarbamate, felbamate, meprobamate, nisobamate, pentabamate, tybamate |
| barb former | anywhere | hypnotics, barbituric acid derivatives | 28 allobarbital, amobarbital, aprobarbital, barbexaclone, barbital, barbital sodium, benzobarbital, brallobarbital +20 morecarbubarb, cyclobarbital, difebarbamate, eterobarb, febarbamate, heptabarb, hexobarbital, methylphenobarbital, nealbarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, phenobarbital sodium, probarbital sodium, proxibarbal, secbutabarbital, secobarbital, tetrabarbital, thialbarbital, thiotetrabarbital, vinbarbital |
| -bart | end | artificial immunoglobulins (current monoclonal antibody naming scheme) | 67 anvatabart opadotin, anvatabart pactil, anzurstobart, atisnolerbart, bempikibart, benmelstobart, bremzalerbart, crexavibart +59 moredalnicastobart, dazukibart, delpacibart, delpacibart etedesiran, empasiprubart, enlonstobart, epacmarstobart, erzotabart, eurestobart, evunzekibart, exlinkibart, fepixnebart, freneslerbart, gotistobart, iluzanebart, izeltabart, izeltabart tapatansine, linavonkibart, lipustobart, lixudebart, maridebart, maridebart cafraglutide, masavibart, mevonlerbart, narlumosbart, nepuvibart, nolavetbart, ogalvibart, oloctinebart, ozekibart, paridiprubart, patecibart, perenostobart, picankibart, polzastobart, porustobart, pradusinstobart, prafnosbart, rademikibart, renvistobart, resugosbart, riliprubart, riltovetbart, rolistobart, simaravibart, sovipostobart, stapokibart, tegoprubart, temtokibart, tobevibart, trabikibart, tulisokibart, tuparstobart, ulviprubart, umesolerbart, vamikibart, varokibart, verzistobart, zigakibart |
| -becestat | end | beta secretase inhibitors | 5 atabecestat, elenbecestat, lanabecestat, umibecestat, verubecestat |
| -begron | end | β3-adrenoreceptor agonists | 10 amibegron, fasobegron, lubabegron, mantabegron, mirabegron, rafabegron, ritobegron, solabegron +2 moretalibegron, vibegron |
| -benakin | end | interleukin-1 analogues and derivatives | 1 mobenakin |
| -bendan | end | cardiac stimulants, pimobendan derivatives | 3 adibendan, meribendan, pimobendan |
| -bendazole | end | anthelminthics, tiabendazole derivatives | 17 albendazole, albendazole oxide, bisbendazole, cambendazole, ciclobendazole, dribendazole, etibendazole, fenbendazole +9 moreflubendazole, lobendazole, luxabendazole, mebendazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, subendazole, tiabendazole, triclabendazole |
| -bercept | end | target: VEGF receptors | 3 aflibercept, conbercept, sozinibercept |
| -bermin | end | vascular endothelial growth factors | 1 telbermin |
| -bersat | end | anticonvulsants, benzoylamino-benzpyran derivatives | 3 carabersat, tidembersat, tonabersat |
| -bep | end | engineered or synthetic scaffold proteins, non-immunoglobulin variable domain derived | 9 dazodalibep, elarekibep, ensovibep, izokibep, lerodalcibep, palsucibep pegol, taldefgrobep alfa, tezatabep matraxetan +1 moretifalibep |
| bol | anywhere | anabolic steroids | 22 bolandiol, bolasterone, bolazine, boldenone, bolenol, bolmantalate, clostebol, enestebol +14 moreformebolone, furazabol, mebolazine, mesabolone, metribolone, mibolerone, norboletone, norclostebol, oxabolone cipionate, quinbolone, roxibolone, stenbolone, tibolone, trenbolone |
| -borbactam | end | β-lactamase inhibitors, boronic acid derivatives | 5 edaborbactam, ledaborbactam etzadroxil, taniborbactam, vaborbactam, xeruborbactam |
| -bradine | end | bradycardic agents | 3 cilobradine, ivabradine, zatebradine |
| -brate | end | clofibrate derivatives | 32 aluminium clofibrate, beclobrate, bezafibrate, biclofibrate, binifibrate, calcium clofibrate, choline fenofibrate, cinnarizine clofibrate +24 moreciprofibrate, clinofibrate, clofibrate, dulofibrate, eniclobrate, etofibrate, etofylline clofibrate, fenirofibrate, fenofibrate, lifibrate, nicofibrate, pemafibrate, picafibrate, ponfibrate, ronifibrate, salafibrate, serfibrate, simfibrate, sitofibrate, tiafibrate, timofibrate, tocofibrate, urefibrate, xantifibrate |
| -bresib | end | inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) family of bromodomain (BRD) proteins, antineoplastics | 7 alobresib, amredobresib, birabresib, mivebresib, molibresib, pelabresib, trotabresib |
| -brutinib | end | agammaglobulinaemia tyrosine kinase (Bruton tyrosine kinase) inhibitors | 20 acalabrutinib, atuzabrutinib, branebrutinib, edralbrutinib, elsubrutinib, evobrutinib, fenebrutinib, ibrutinib +12 moremilrebrutinib, nemtabrutinib, orelabrutinib, pirtobrutinib, remibrutinib, rilzabrutinib, sofnobrutinib, spebrutinib, tirabrutinib, tolebrutinib, vecabrutinib, zanubrutinib |
| -bufen | end | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, arylbutanoic acid derivatives | 5 butibufen, fenbufen, furobufen, indobufen, metbufen |
| -bulin | end | antineoplastics; mitotic inhibitor, tubulin binder | 23 avanbulin, batabulin, cevipabulin, crolibulin, denibulin, ecteribulin, entasobulin, eribulin +15 morefosbretabulin, indibulin, lexibulin, lisavanbulin, mivobulin, ombrabulin, plinabulin, plocabulin, rosabulin, sabizabulin, taltobulin, tirbanibulin, unesbulin, valecobulin, verubulin |
| -butazone | end | anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone derivatives | 3 mofebutazone, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone |
| -buvir | end | RNA polymerase (NS5B) inhibitors | 13 adafosbuvir, beclabuvir, bemnifosbuvir, dasabuvir, deleobuvir, filibuvir, lomibuvir, nesbuvir +5 moreradalbuvir, setrobuvir, sofosbuvir, tegobuvir, uprifosbuvir |
| -buzone | end | anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone derivatives | 5 feclobuzone, kebuzone, pipebuzone, suxibuzone, tribuzone |
| -caftor | end | Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein modulators, correctors, and amplifiers | 15 bamocaftor, deutivacaftor, dirocaftor, elexacaftor, galicaftor, icenticaftor, ivacaftor, lumacaftor +7 morenavocaftor, nesolicaftor, olacaftor, posenacaftor, tezacaftor, vanzacaftor, zatonacaftor |
| -cain- | inside | class I antiarrhythmics, procainamide and lidocaine derivatives | 33 acecainide, asocainol, barucainide, bucainide, carcainium chloride, carocainide, droxicainide, encainide +25 moreepicainide, erocainide, flecainide, guafecainol, indecainide, itrocainide, ketocainol, lorcainide, milacainide, modecainide, murocainide, nicainoprol, nofecainide, pilsicainide, pincainide, procainamide, quinacainol, recainam, ricainide, solpecainol, stirocainide, suricainide, tocainide, transcainide, verocainine |
| -caine | end | local anaesthetics | 62 ambucaine, amoxecaine, aptocaine, articaine, benzocaine, betoxycaine, bucricaine, bumecaine +54 morebupivacaine, butacaine, butanilicaine, carticaine, chloroprocaine, cinchocaine, clibucaine, clodacaine, clormecaine, cyclomethycaine, dexivacaine, diamocaine, edronocaine, elucaine, etidocaine, fexicaine, fomocaine, hexylcaine, hydroxyprocaine, hydroxytetracaine, ipravacaine, ketocaine, leucinocaine, levobupivacaine, lidocaine, lotucaine, mepivacaine, meprylcaine, myrtecaine, octacaine, oxetacaine, oxybuprocaine, paridocaine, phenacaine, pinolcaine, pramocaine, pribecaine, prilocaine, procaine, propanocaine, propipocaine, propoxycaine, proxymetacaine, pyrrocaine, quatacaine, quinisocaine, risocaine, rodocaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine, tolycaine, trapencaine, trimecaine, vadocaine |
| -calcet/-calcet- | end or inside | calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonists | 5 cinacalcet, etelcalcetide, evocalcet, tecalcet, upacicalcet |
| calci | anywhere | vitamin D analogues/derivatives | 22 alfacalcidol, atocalcitol, becocalcidiol, calcifediol, calcipotriol, calcitriol, colecalciferol, doxercalciferol +14 moreecalcidene, eldecalcitol, elocalcitol, ergocalciferol, falecalcitriol, inecalcitol, lexacalcitol, lunacalcipol, maxacalcitol, paricalcitol, pefcalcitol, secalciferol, seocalcitol, tacalcitol |
| -capavir | end | viral capsid and nucleocpsid inhibitors | 4 canocapavir, claficapavir, lenacapavir, pocapavir |
| -capone | end | catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors | 6 entacapone, nebicapone, neluxicapone, nitecapone, opicapone, tolcapone |
| -carnil | end | benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (carboline derivatives) | 2 abecarnil, gedocarnil |
| -castat | end | dopamine-hydroxylase inhibitors | 3 etamicastat, nepicastat, zamicastat |
| -catib | end | cathepsin inhibitors | 5 balicatib, dutacatib, odanacatib, petesicatib, relacatib |
| -cavir | end | carbocyclic nucleosides | 3 abacavir, entecavir, lobucavir |
| cef- | start | antibiotics, cefalosporanic acid derivatives | 80 cefacetrile, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloglycin, cefalonium, cefaloram, cefaloridine +72 morecefalotin, cefamandole, cefaparole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefazaflur, cefazedone, cefazolin, cefbuperazone, cefcanel, cefcanel daloxate, cefcapene, cefclidin, cefdaloxime, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefedrolor, cefempidone, cefepime, cefetamet, cefetecol, cefetrizole, cefiderocol, cefilavancin, cefivitril, cefixime, cefluprenam, cefmatilen, cefmenoxime, cefmepidium chloride, cefmetazole, cefminox, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone, ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefovecin, cefoxazole, cefoxitin, cefozopran, cefpimizole, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, cefquinome, cefradine, cefrotil, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, cefsumide, ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime, cefteram, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftiofur, ceftiolene, ceftioxide, ceftizoxime, ceftizoxime alapivoxil, ceftobiprole, ceftobiprole medocaril, ceftolozane, ceftriaxone, cefuracetime, cefuroxime, cefuzonam |
| -cel | end | substances for cell therapies | 113 acmucabtagene autoleucel, adimlecleucel, afamitresgene autoleucel, anbalcabtagene autoleucel, anitocabtagene autoleucel, atidarsagene autotemcel, atleradstrocel, audencel +105 moreaxicabtagene ciloleucel, azamidugene autotemcel, azercabtagene zapreleucel, baltaleucel, bemdaneprocel, besvaltresgene autoleucel, betibeglogene autotemcel, bidoleucel, brexucabtagene autoleucel, cenplacel, cenzileucel, ciltacabtagene autoleucel, dalucabtagene autoleucel, darvadstrocel, debamestrocel, dilanubicel, durcabtagene autoleucel, elapomestrocel, elivaldogene autotemcel, eltrapuldencel, emiplacel, equecabtagene autoleucel, ersemadromcel, etuvetidigene autotemcel, evagenretcel, evencaleucel, exagamglogene autotemcel, famzeretcel, firolimogene autotemcel, firzotemcel, garveleucel, gavocabtagene autoleucel, idecabtagene vicleucel, ilixadencel, iltamiocel, inaleucel, inaticabtagene autoleucel, invimestrocel, itezocabtagene autoleucel, lecilimogene autotemcel, lenzumestrocel, letetresgene autoleucel, lifileucel, lotazadromcel, lovotibeglogene autotemcel, mafimestrocel, marnetegragene autotemcel, mipetresgene autoleucel, mocemestrocel, motacabtagene lurevgedleucel, mozafancogene autotemcel, murcidencel, nadravaleucel, nalotimagene carmaleucel, neltependocel, nivadstrocel, nulabeglogene autogedtemcel, obecabtagene autoleucel, olitresgene autoleucel, omidubicel, orvacabtagene autoleucel, palucorcel, plixacabtagene autoleucel, pomlucabtagene autoleucel, posoleucel, prademagene zamikeracel, prizloncabtagne autoleucel, raguneprocel, rapcabtagene autoleucel, rebonuputemcel, relmacabtagne autoleucel, remestemcel, remumiocel, revakinagene taroretcel, rildinadstrocel, rilparencel, rivogenlecleucel, rovaleucel, satricabtagene autoleucel, setamevetcel, simoladagene autotemcel, sitocabtagene loxiveleucel, sizavaleucel, stapuldencel, tabelecleucel, tacatresgene autoleucel, taniraleucel, tenvumestrocel, tinocabtagene autoleucel, tisagenlecleucel, tonogenconcel, torulimogene lonferencel, tremtelectogene empogeditemcel, trovocabtagene autoleucel, umetrilimorgene autoleucel, vadacabtagene leraleucel, vandefitemcel, varnimcabtagene autoleucel, vibapapogene autoleucel, vididencel, volamcabtagene durzigedleucel, voxeralgagene autotemcel, zamtocabtagene autoleucel, zedenoleucel, zevorcabtagene autoleucel |
| cell-/cel- | start | cellulose derivatives | 1 celucloral |
| cell-ate | start | cellulose ester derivatives for substances containing acidic residues | 2 cellaburate, cellacefate |
| -cept | end | receptor molecules or membrane ligands, native, modified or synthetic | 40 abatacept, acazicolcept, aflibercept, alefacept, alvircept sudotox, asunercept, atacicept, baminercept +32 morebatiraxcept, belatacept, bifarcept, briobacept, conbercept, dalantercept, davoteticept, elritercept, etanercept, evorpacept, goflikicept, inbakicept, ipafricept, lenercept, luspatercept, maplirpacept, mirococept, olamkicept, onercept, ontorpacept, opinercept, pegsunercept, povetacicept, ramatercept, recifercept, rilonacept, sotatercept, sozinibercept, telitacicept, timdarpacept, tulinercept, valziflocept |
| -cerfont | end | corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists | 5 crinecerfont, emicerfont, pexacerfont, tildacerfont, verucerfont |
| -cetrapib | end | cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors | 6 anacetrapib, dalcetrapib, evacetrapib, obicetrapib, rocacetrapib, torcetrapib |
| -cianine | end | indocyanine fluorescence dye group | 6 nerindocianine, nizaracianine, omocianine, pafolacianine, pegsitacianine, pegulicianine |
| -cic | end | hepatoprotective substances with a carboxylic acid group | 4 limazocic, tidiacic, timonacic, tiofacic |
| -ciclib | end | cyclin dependant kinase inhibitors | 21 abemaciclib, asnuciclib, atuveciclib, briciclib, crozbaciclib, culmerciclib, dinaciclib, eciruciclib +13 moreenitociclib, inixaciclib, milciclib, narazaciclib, palbociclib, ribociclib, riviciclib, roniciclib, seliciclib, tanuxiciclib, trilaciclib, ulecaciclib, voruciclib |
| -ciclovir | end | antivirals, bicyclic heterocycles compounds | 17 aciclovir, buciclovir, desciclovir, detiviciclovir, eprociclovir, famciclovir, filociclovir, ganciclovir +9 morelagociclovir, lagociclovir valactate, omaciclovir, penciclovir, rociclovir, tiviciclovir, valaciclovir, valganciclovir, valomaciclovir |
| -cidin | end | naturally occurring antibiotics (undefined group) | 4 brilacidin, candicidin, gramicidin, methocidin |
| -ciguat | end | guanylate cyclase activators and stimulators | 9 ataciguat, cinaciguat, etriciguat, lificiguat, nelociguat, olinciguat, praliciguat, riociguat +1 morevericiguat |
| -cillin | end | antibiotics, 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives | 62 adicillin, almecillin, amantocillin, amoxicillin, apalcillin, aspoxicillin, azidocillin, azlocillin +54 morebacampicillin, benethamine penicillin, benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin, carfecillin, carindacillin, ciclacillin, clemizole penicillin, clometocillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, epicillin, fenbenicillin, fibracillin, flucloxacillin, fomidacillin, fumoxicillin, furbucillin, fuzlocillin, hetacillin, isopropicillin, lenampicillin, levopropicillin, metampicillin, meticillin, mezlocillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, oxetacillin, penamecillin, pheneticillin, phenoxymethyl penicillin, phenyracillin, piperacillin, pirbenicillin, piridicillin, piroxicillin, pivampicillin, prazocillin, propicillin, quinacillin, rotamicillin, sarmoxicillin, sarpicillin, sulbenicillin, sultamicillin, suncillin, talampicillin, tameticillin, temocillin, ticarcillin, tifencillin, tobicillin |
| -cillinam | end | antibiotics, 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives | 2 mecillinam, pivmecillinam |
| -cilpine | end | tricyclic compounds | 1 dizocilpine |
| -cisteine | end | mucolytics, other than bromhexine derivatives | 3 bencisteine, carbocisteine, dacisteine |
| -citabine | end | nucleosides antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azacitidine derivatives | 28 ancitabine, apricitabine, capecitabine, decitabine, dexelvucitabine, elvucitabine, emtricitabine, enocitabine +20 morefiacitabine, flurocitabine, fosgemcitabine palabenamide, fostroxacitabine bralpamide, galocitabine, gemcitabine, gemcitabine elaidate, guadecitabine, ibacitabine, lumicitabine, mericitabine, radgocitabine, roducitabine, sapacitabine, tezacitabine, torcitabine, troxacitabine, valopicitabine, valtorcitabine, zalcitabine |
| -citinib | end | Janus kinase inhibitors | 28 abrocitinib, atinvicitinib, baricitinib, beprocitinib, delgocitinib, deucravacitinib, fosifidancitinib, golidocitinib +20 moregusacitinib, ifidancitinib, ilunocitinib, itacitinib, ivarmacitinib, izencitinib, lorpucitinib, nezulcitinib, nimucitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, povorcitinib, pumecitinib, ritlecitinib, ropsacitinib, rovadicitinib, solcitinib, tofacitinib, upadacitinib, zasocitinib |
| -clidine/-clidinium | end | muscarinic receptor agonists/antagonists | 13 aclidinium bromide, benzoclidine, droclidinium bromide, emraclidine, eticyclidine, gacyclidine, phencyclidine, procyclidine +5 morerolicyclidine, talsaclidine, tenocyclidine, umeclidinium bromide, vedaclidine |
| -clone | end | hypnotic tranquillizers | 7 barbexaclone, eszopiclone, pagoclone, pazinaclone, suproclone, suriclone, zopiclone |
| -(clo)sporin | end | cyclosporine derivtives | 5 ciclosporin, geclosporin, oxeclosporin, ruclosporin, voclosporin |
| -cocept | end | complement receptors | 1 mirococept |
| -cog | end | blood coagulation factors | 23 albutrepenonacog alfa, beroctocog alfa, catridecacog, dalcinonacog alfa, damoctocog alfa pegol, efanesoctocog alfa, efmoroctocog alfa, eftrenonacog alfa +15 moreeptacog beta, lonoctocog alfa, marzeptacog alfa, moroctocog alfa, nonacog alfa, nonacog beta pegol, nonacog gamma, octocog alfa, omfiloctocog alfa, rurioctocog alfa pegol, simoctocog alfa, trenonacog alfa, turoctocog alfa, turoctocog alfa pegol, vonicog alfa |
| -cogin | end | blood coagulation cascade inhibitors | 4 anpocogin, pegnivacogin, taneptacogin alfa, tifacogin |
| -conazole | end | systemic antifungal agents, miconazole derivatives | 49 albaconazole, aliconazole, alteconazole, arasertaconazole, azaconazole, becliconazole, brolaconazole, butoconazole +41 morecisconazole, croconazole, dapaconazole, democonazole, doconazole, eberconazole, econazole, efinaconazole, embeconazole, enilconazole, fenticonazole, fluconazole, fosfluconazole, fosravuconazole, isavuconazole, isoconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lanoconazole, luliconazole, miconazole, neticonazole, omoconazole, opelconazole, orconazole, oteseconazole, oxiconazole, parconazole, posaconazole, pramiconazole, quilseconazole, ravuconazole, saperconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole, terconazole, tioconazole, valconazole, voriconazole, zinoconazole, zoficonazole |
| -copan | end | complement receptor antagonists/complement inhibitors | 6 avacopan, danicopan, iptacopan, nomacopan, pelecopan, vemircopan |
| -corat | end | glucocorticoid receptor agonists | 6 dagrocorat, fosdagrocorat, mapracorat, mizacorat, tomicorat, velsecorat |
| -corilant | end | glucocorticoid receptor ntagonists (non-steroidal) | 6 dazucorilant, exicorilant, miricorilant, nenocorilant, relacorilant, zavacorilant |
| cort | anywhere | corticosteroids, except prednisolone derivatives | 28 amebucort, anecortave, azacort, benzodrocortisone, butixocort, cicortonide, corticotropin, corticotropin-zinc hydroxide +20 morecortisone, cortisuzol, cortivazol, cortodoxone, deflazacort, desoxycortone, fluazacort, fludrocortisone, fludroxycortide, fluocortin, formocortal, hydrocortamate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone aceponate, locicortolone dicibate, naflocort, nicocortonide, nivacortol, resocortol, tixocortol |
| -coxib | end | selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors | 16 apricoxib, celecoxib, cimicoxib, deracoxib, enficoxib, etoricoxib, firocoxib, lumiracoxib +8 moremavacoxib, ocarocoxib, parecoxib, polmacoxib, robenacoxib, rofecoxib, tilmacoxib, valdecoxib |
| -crinat | end | diuretics, etacrynic acid derivatives | 2 brocrinat, sulicrinat |
| -crine former | end | acridine derivatives | 11 amsacrine, botiacrine, dimetacrine, floxacrine, ipidacrine, mepacrine, monometacrine, nitracrine +3 moresuronacrine, tacrine, velnacrine |
| -cromil | end | antiallergics, cromoglicic acid derivatives | 8 ambicromil, isocromil, minocromil, nedocromil, probicromil, proxicromil, terbucromil, texacromil |
| -curium | end | curare-like substances | 7 atracurium besilate, cisatracurium besilate, doxacurium chloride, gantacurium chloride, mivacurium chloride, truxicurium iodide, truxipicurium iodide |
| -cycline former | end | antibiotics, protein-synthesis inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives | 30 amicycline, apicycline, cetocycline, chlortetracycline, clomocycline, colimecycline, demeclocycline, demecycline +22 moredoxycycline, eravacycline, etamocycline, guamecycline, lymecycline, meclocycline, meglucycline, metacycline, minocycline, nitrocycline, omadacycline, oxytetracycline, pecocycline, penimepicycline, penimocycline, pipacycline, rolitetracycline, sancycline, sarecycline, tetracycline, tigecycline, zifanocycline |
| -dan | end | cardiac stimulants, pimobendan derivatives | 11 adibendan, bemorodan, imazodan, indolidan, levosimendan, meribendan, pimobendan, prinoxodan +3 moresenazodan, siguazodan, simendan |
| -dapsone | end | antimycobacterials, diaminodiphenylsulfone derivatives | 2 acedapsone, amidapsone |
| -decakin | end | interleukin-10 analogues and derivatives | 2 ilodecakin, pegilodecakin |
| -degib | end | SMO receptor antagonists | 5 glasdegib, patidegib, sonidegib, taladegib, vismodegib |
| -delpar | end | PPAR delta agonists | 4 bocidelpar, fonadelpar, mavodelpar, seladelpar |
| -demstat | end | Lysine-specific histone demethylase inhibitors | 6 bomedemstat, iadademstat, pulrodemstat, seclidemstat, vafidemstat, zavondemstat |
| -denoson | end | adenosine A receptor agonists | 12 apadenoson, binodenoson, capadenoson, evodenoson, namodenoson, neladenoson bialanate, piclidenoson, regadenoson +4 moreselodenoson, sonedenoson, tecadenoson, trabodenoson |
| -dermin | end | epidermal growth factors | 2 murodermin, nepidermin |
| -dil | end | vasodilators | 54 alprostadil, aviptadil, belfosdil, belumosudil, benfurodil hemisuccinate, bepridil, biclodil, buflomedil +46 morebumepidil, carprazidil, cetiedil, cinepaxadil, cotosudil, dopropidil, ecipramidil, fasudil, fenetradil, fenoxedil, floredil, flosatidil, fostedil, fronepidil, ipramidil, levosemotiadil, manozodil, mefenidil, mepramidil, metrifudil, minoxidil, naftopidil, naminidil, nesapidil, netarsudil, nicorandil, perfomedil, pinacidil, piribedil, pirozadil, pitenodil, pretiadil, razinodil, ripasudil, semotiadil, sinitrodil, sovesudil, stevaladil, suloctidil, tipropidil, tixadil, trapidil, urapidil, verosudil, viquidil, zelasudil |
| -dilol | end | vasodilators | 9 dioxadilol, dramedilol, flavodilol, mindodilol, nipradilol, oberadilol, parodilol, prizidilol +1 moretribendilol |
| -dipine | end | calcium channel blockers, nifedipine derivatives | 44 amlodipine, aranidipine, azelnidipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, clevidipine, cronidipine +36 moredarodipine, dazodipine, dexniguldipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, elnadipine, felodipine, flordipine, furnidipine, iganidipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lemildipine, lercanidipine, levamlodipine, levniguldipine, manidipine, mesudipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, niguldipine, niludipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, olradipine, oxodipine, palonidipine, pranidipine, riodipine, sagandipine, sornidipine, taludipine, teludipine, vatanidipine |
| -dismase | end | enzymes with superoxide dismutase activity, see -ase | 2 ledismase, sudismase |
| -distim | end | combination of two different types of colony stimulating factors | 2 leridistim, milodistim |
| -docokin | end | interleukin-22 analogues and derivatives | 1 eflepedocokin alfa |
| -dodekin | end | interleukin-12 analogues and derivatives | 1 edodekin alfa |
| -domide | end | antineoplastics, thalidomide derivatives | 11 avadomide, cemsidomide, endomide, eragidomide, golcadomide, iberdomide, lenalidomide, mezigdomide +3 moremitindomide, pomalidomide, thalidomide |
| -dopa | end | dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine derivatives, used as antiparkinsonism/prolactin inhibitors | 9 carbidopa, ciladopa, droxidopa, etilevodopa, foscarbidopa, foslevodopa, levodopa, melevodopa +1 moremethyldopa |
| -dotin | end | synthetic derivatives of dolastatin series | 32 anvatabart opadotin, aprutumab ixadotin, azintuxizumab vedotin, belantamab mafodotin, brentuximab vedotin, cemadotin, cofetuzumab pelidotin, denintuzumab mafodotin +24 moredepatuxizumab mafodotin, enapotamab vedotin, enfortumab vedotin, glembatumumab vedotin, iladatuzumab vedotin, indusatumab vedotin, ladiratuzumab vedotin, lifastuzumab vedotin, lonigutamab ugodotin, losatuxizumab vedotin, pinatuzumab vedotin, polatuzumab vedotin, samrotamab vedotin, sirtratumab vedotin, soblidotin, sofituzumab vedotin, tasidotin, telisotuzumab vedotin, tisotumab vedotin, trastuzumab botidotin, upinetatug rilsodotin, vandortuzumab vedotin, vorsetuzumab mafodotin, zanidatamab zovodotin |
| -dralazine | end | antihypertensives, hydrazinephthalazine derivatives | 10 budralazine, cadralazine, dihydralazine, endralazine, hydralazine, mopidralazine, oxdralazine, picodralazine +2 morepildralazine, todralazine |
| -drine | end | sympathomimetics | 23 alifedrine, bedoradrine, butidrine, cafedrine, cinnamedrine, corbadrine, dioxifedrine, etafedrine +15 morelevopropylhexedrine, meluadrine, methoxyphedrine, midodrine, norbudrine, octodrine, oxyfedrine, pholedrine, propylhexedrine, pseudoephedrine, racephedrine, ritodrine, theophylline ephedrine, tinofedrine, trecadrine |
| -dronic acid | end | calcium metabolism regulator, pharmaceutical aid | 17 alendronic acid, butedronic acid, clodronic acid, etidronic acid, ibandronic acid, incadronic acid, lidadronic acid, medronic acid +9 moreminodronic acid, neridronic acid, olpadronic acid, oxidronic acid, pamidronic acid, piridronic acid, risedronic acid, tiludronic acid, zoledronic acid |
| -dustat | end | hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors | 7 daprodustat, desidustat, enarodustat, izilendustat, molidustat, roxadustat, vadadustat |
| -dutant | end | neurokinin NK2 receptor antagonist | 3 ibodutant, nepadutant, saredutant |
| -dutide | end | oxyntomodulin analogues and other dual agonists of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 (GLP-1R) and glucagon receptor (GCGR) | 7 bamadutide, cotadutide, efinopegdutide, mazdutide, pegapamodutide, pemvidutide, survodutide |
| -dyl | end | vasodilators | 1 bunamiodyl |
| -ectin | end | antiparasitics, ivermectin derivatives | 10 abamectin, dimadectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, fuladectin, ivermectin, latidectin, moxidectin +2 morenemadectin, selamectin |
| -elestat | end | elastase inhibitors | 5 alvelestat, depelestat, freselestat, sivelestat, tiprelestat |
| -elvekin | end | interleukin-11 analogues and derivatives | 1 oprelvekin |
| -emcinal | end | erythromycin derivatives lacking antibiotic activity, motilin agonists | 3 alemcinal, idremcinal, mitemcinal |
| -enatide | end | glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists, exenatide (exendin-4) and analogues | 8 albenatide, efpeglenatide, exenatide, langlenatide, lixisenatide, pegloxenatide, pegsebrenatide, vurolenatide |
| -enicokin | end | interleukin-21 human analogues and derivatives | 1 denenicokin |
| -entan | end | endothelin receptor antagonists | 18 ambrisentan, aprocitentan, atrasentan, avosentan, bosentan, clazosentan, darusentan, edonentan +10 moreenrasentan, fandosentan, feloprentan, macitentan, nebentan, sitaxentan, sparsentan, tezosentan, vodudeutentan, zibotentan |
| -epdekinra | end | interleukin-17 receptor antagonists | 1 erepdekinra |
| -eptacog | end | blood coagulation VII | 1 marzeptacog alfa |
| -eptakin | end | interleukin-7 analogues and derivatives | 1 efineptakin alfa |
| erg | anywhere | ergot alkaloid derivatives | 30 acetergamine, amesergide, brazergoline, bromerguride, cabergoline, cianergoline, delergotrile, dihydroergotamine +22 moredisulergine, dosergoside, ergometrine, ergotamine, etisulergine, fludihydroergotamine, lergotrile, lysergide, mergocriptine, mesulergine, metergoline, metergotamine, methysergide, nicergoline, pergolide, propisergide, proterguride, romergoline, sergolexole, terguride, tiomergine, voxergolide |
| -eridine | end | analgesics, pethidine derivatives and other synthetic small molecule µ-opioid receptor agonists | 11 anileridine, carperidine, etoxeridine, morpheridine, oxpheneridine, pheneridine, phenoperidine, properidine +3 moresameridine, tegileridine, trimeperidine |
| -ermin | end | growth factors | 40 aldafermin, ardenermin, avotermin, becaplermin, cenegermin, cetermin, cimaglermin alfa, dapiclermin +32 moredibotermin alfa, dulanermin, efaprinermin alfa, efgivanermin alfa, efruxifermin, eftozanermin alfa, emfilermin, eptotermin alfa, ersofermin, liatermin, mecasermin, mecasermin rinfabate, murodermin, nebotermin, nepidermin, oremepermin alfa, palifermin, pegbelfermin, pegipanermin, pegozafermin, plusonermin, radotermin, repifermin, rilunermin alfa, sonermin, sprifermin, tasonermin, telbermin, tengonermin, timufermin, trafermin, velafermin |
| -ertinib | end | epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors | 19 abivertinib, aumolertinib, befotertinib, canertinib, epertinib, lazertinib, mavelertinib, mifanertinib +11 moremobocertinib, olafertinib, osimertinib, rezivertinib, sacibertinib, sunvozertinib, tuxobertinib, xiliertinib, zipalertinib, zongertinib, zorifertinib |
| -espib | end | heat shock protein (HSP) 90 inhibitors (other than -mycin) | 7 cemdomespib, ganetespib, icapamespib, luminespib, onalespib, pimitespib, zelavespib |
| estr | anywhere | estrogens | 33 almestrone, benzestrol, broparestrol, cloxestradiol, dienestrol, diethylstilbestrol, epiestriol, epimestrol +25 moreestradiol, estradiol benzoate, estradiol undecylate, estradiol valerate, estramustine, estrapronicate, estrazinol, estriol succinate, estrofurate, estrone, ethinylestradiol, fenestrel, fosfestrol, furostilbestrol, hexestrol, mestranol, methallenestril, methestrol, moxestrol, nilestriol, orestrate, polyestradiol phosphate, promestriene, quinestradol, quinestrol |
| -estrant | end | estrogen antagonists, including estrogen receptor down-regulators | 13 amcenestrant, bexirestrant, brilanestrant, camizestrant, dintorestrant, elacestrant, fulvestrant, giredestrant +5 moreimlunestrant, palazestrant, rintodestrant, taragarestrant, vepdegestrant |
| -etanide | end | diuretics, piretanide derivatives | 2 bumetanide, piretanide |
| -exakin | end | interleukin-6 analogues and derivatives | 1 atexakin alfa |
| -exine | end | mucolytic, bromhexine derivatives | 7 adamexine, bromhexine, brovanexine, cistinexine, dembrexine, neltenexine, oxabrexine |
| -farcept | end | subgroup of interferon receptors | 1 bifarcept |
| -fenacin | end | muscarinic receptor antagonists | 9 afacifenacin, darifenacin, imidafenacin, revefenacin, solifenacin, tarafenacin, tofenacin, velufenacin +1 morezamifenacin |
| -fenamate | end | “fenamic acid” derivatives | 5 colfenamate, etofenamate, prefenamate, terofenamate, ufenamate |
| -fenamic acid | end | anti-inflammatory, anthranilic acid derivatives | 6 clofenamic acid, enfenamic acid, flufenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid |
| -fenicol | end | antibacterials, chloramphenicol analogues | 6 azidamfenicol, cetofenicol, cloramfenicol pantotenate complex, florfenicol, racefenicol, sirpefenicol |
| -fenin | end | diagnostic aids; (phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives | 7 arclofenin, butilfenin, disofenin, etifenin, galtifenin, lidofenin, mebrofenin |
| -fenine | end | analgesics, glafenine derivatives (subgroup of fenamic acid group) | 5 antrafenine, floctafenine, florifenine, glafenine, nicafenine |
| -fensine | end | noreinephrine, serotonin, dopamine reuptake inhibitors | 7 brasofensine, diclofensine, lafadofensine, liafensine, nomifensine, perafensine, tesofensine |
| -fentanil | end | opioid receptor agonists, analgesics, fentanyl derivatives | 9 alfentanil, brifentanil, carfentanil, lofentanil, mirfentanil, ocfentanil, remifentanil, sufentanil +1 moretrefentanil |
| -fentrine | end | inhibitors of phosphodiesterases | 4 benafentrine, ensifentrine, pumafentrine, tolafentrine |
| -fermin | end | fibroblast growth factors | 10 efruxifermin, ersofermin, palifermin, pegbelfermin, pegozafermin, repifermin, sprifermin, timufermin +2 moretrafermin, velafermin |
| -folastat | end | inhibitors of folate hydrolase 1 (prostate-specific membrane antigen, PSMA) | 1 trofolastat chloride |
| -fiban | end | fibrinogen receptor antagonists (glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa receptor antagonists) | 13 carafiban, elarofiban, fradafiban, gantofiban, lamifiban, lefradafiban, lotrafiban, orbofiban +5 moreroxifiban, sibrafiban, tirofiban, xemilofiban, zalunfiban |
| -fibrate | end | clofibrate derivatives, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonists | 30 aluminium clofibrate, bezafibrate, biclofibrate, binifibrate, calcium clofibrate, choline fenofibrate, cinnarizine clofibrate, ciprofibrate +22 moreclinofibrate, clofibrate, dulofibrate, etofibrate, etofylline clofibrate, fenirofibrate, fenofibrate, lifibrate, nicofibrate, pemafibrate, picafibrate, ponfibrate, ronifibrate, salafibrate, serfibrate, simfibrate, sitofibrate, tiafibrate, timofibrate, tocofibrate, urefibrate, xantifibrate |
| -filermin | end | leukemia-inhibiting factor | 1 emfilermin |
| -flapon | end | 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor | 4 atuliflapon, fiboflapon, quiflapon, veliflapon |
| -flurane | end | halogenated compounds used as general inhalation anaesthetics | 9 aliflurane, desflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, norflurane, roflurane, sevoflurane +1 moreteflurane |
| -formin former | end | antihyperglycaemics, phenformin derivatives | 7 benfosformin, buformin, etoformin, metformin, metformin glycinate, phenformin, tiformin |
| fos | anywhere | insecticides, anthelminthics, pesticides etc., phosphorous derivatives | 37 fosalvudine tidoxil, fosamprenavir, fosaprepitant, fosarilate, fosazepam, fosbretabulin, foscarnet sodium, fosclevudine alafenamide +29 morefoscolic acid, fosdagrocorat, fosdevirine, fosenazide, fosfestrol, fosfluconazole, fosfluridine tidoxil, fosfocreatinine, fosfomycin, fosfonet sodium, fosfosal, fosfructose, fosinopril, fosinoprilat, foslevcromakalim, fosmanogepix, fosmenic acid, fosmetpentotenane, fosmidomycin, fosopamine, fosphenytoin, fospirate, fospropofol, fosquidone, fosravuconazone, fostamatinib, fostedil, fostriecin, fosveset |
| -fovir | end | phosphonic acid derivatives | 7 cidofovir, pradefovir, rovafovir etalafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir amibufenamide, tenofovir exalidex |
| -fradil | end | calcium channel blockers acting as vasodilators | 1 mibefradil |
| -frine | end | sympathomimetic, phenethyl derivatives | 12 amidefrine mesilate, berefrine, ciclafrine, dimetofrine, dipivefrine, etilefrine, etilefrine pivalate, gepefrine +4 morenorfenefrine, oxilofrine, pivenfrine, racepinefrine |
| -fungin | end | antifungal antibiotics | 12 abafungin, anidulafungin, basifungin, caspofungin, cilofungin, kalafungin, micafungin, nifungin +4 moreoxifungin, rezafungin acetate, sinefungin, triafungin |
| -fusp | end | fusion proteins | 33 bifikafusp alfa, bintrafusp alfa, bizaxofusp, brenetafusp, cemavafusp, cinrebafusp alfa, clervonafusp alfa, dalutrafusp alfa +25 moreeciskafusp alfa, efdamrofusp alfa, eflimrufusp alfa, englumafusp alfa, eramkafusp alfa, gulgafafusp alfa, latikafusp, lepunafusp alfa, lorukafusp alfa, lunaxafusp, modakafusp alfa, nanrilkefusp alfa, nomlabofusp, onfekafusp alfa, oplunofusp, pabinafusp alfa, retlirafusp alfa, rozibafusp alfa, simlukafusp alfa, sotiburafusp alfa, tagraxofusp, tebentafusp, tividenofusp alfa, valanafusp alfa, vensobafusp |
| -fylline | end | N-methylated xanthine derivatives | 44 acefylline clofibrol, acefylline piperazine, albifylline, apaxifylline, arofylline, bamifylline, cipamfylline, denbufylline +36 morederenofylline, dimabefylline, diniprofylline, doxofylline, enprofylline, etofylline, etofylline clofibrate, fibrafylline, flufylline, fluprofylline, furafylline, guaifylline, isbufylline, istradefylline, laprafylline, lisofylline, lomifylline, metescufylline, mexafylline, midaxifylline, naxifylline, nestifylline, pentifylline, pentoxifylline, perbufylline, propentofylline, pyridofylline, rolofylline, spirofylline, stacofylline, tazifylline, tonapofylline, torbafylline, triclofylline, verofylline, visnafylline |
| gab | anywhere | gabamimetic agents | 19 afizagabar, alogabat, atagabalin, crisugabalin, darigabat, fengabine, gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil +11 moregaboxadol, imagabalin, lesogaberan, mirogabalin, pivagabine, pregabalin, progabide, retigabine, tiagabine, tolgabide, vigabatrin |
| gado- | start | diagnostic agents, gadolinium derivatives | 14 gadobenic acid, gadobutrol, gadocoletic acid, gadodenterate, gadodiamide, gadofosveset, gadomelitol, gadopenamide +6 moregadopentetic acid, gadopiclenol, gadoterdol, gadoteric acid, gadoversetamide, gadoxetic acid |
| -gacestat | end | gamma-secretase inhibitors | 5 avagacestat, begacestat, crenigacestat, nirogacestat, semagacestat |
| -ganan | end | antimicrobials, permeability increasing peptides | 7 iseganan, lefleuganan, omiganan, peceleganan, pexiganan, upleganan, voxvoganan |
| -gatran | end | thrombin inhibitor, antithrombotic agent | 11 atecegatran, atecegatran metoxil, dabigatran, dabigatran etexilate, efegatran, flovagatran, inogatran, melagatran +3 morenapsagatran, sofigatran, ximelagatran |
| -gepant | end | calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists | 6 atogepant, olcegepant, rimegepant, telcagepant, ubrogepant, zavegepant |
| gest | anywhere | steroids, progestogens | 46 altrenogest, anagestone, cingestol, clogestone, clomegestone, demegestone, desogestrel, dexnorgestrel +38 moredienogest, dydrogesterone, edogestrone, etonogestrel, flugestone, gestaclone, gestadienol, gestodene, gestonorone caproate, gestrinone, haloprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, levonorgestrel, medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone, megestrol, melengestrol, metogest, nomegestrol, norelgestromin, norgesterone, norgestimate, norgestomet, norgestrel, norgestrienone, oxogestone, pentagestrone, progesterone, proligestone, promegestone, quingestanol, quingestrone, segesterone, tigestol, tosagestin, trengestone, trimegestone |
| -giline | end | monoamine oxydase (MAO)-inhibitors type B | 6 adarigiline, clorgiline, mofegiline, rasagiline, selegiline, sembragiline |
| -gillin | end | antibiotics produced by Aspergillus strains | 2 fumagillin, mitogillin |
| gli | anywhere | antihyperglycaemics | 112 adomeglivant, aleglitazar, alogliptin, anagliptin, atigliflozin, azemiglitazone, balaglitazone, bexagliflozin +104 morebisegliptin, camiglibose, canagliflozin, carfloglitazar, carmegliptin, cevoglitazar, ciglitazone, cofrogliptin, dapagliflozin, darglitazone, denagliptin, deriglidole, dorzagliatin, dutogliptin, edaglitazone, emiglitate, empagliflozin, enavoglifozin, englitazone, ertugliflozin, evogliptin, farglitazar, fasiglifam, firuglipel, garvagliptin, gemigliptin, gliamilide, glibenclamide, glibornuride, glibutimine, glicaramide, glicetanile, gliclazide, glicondamide, glidazamide, gliflumide, glimepiride, glipalamide, glipentide, glipizide, gliquidone, glisamuride, glisentide, glisindamide, glisolamide, glisoxepide, gosogliptin, imeglimin, imiglitazar, indeglitazar, ingliforib, ipragliflozin, isaglidole, leriglitazone, licogliflozin, limiglidole, linagliptin, linogliride, lobeglitazone, luseogliflozin, managlinat dialanetil, meglitinide, melogliptin, midaglizole, miglitol, mitiglinide, mizagliflozin, muroglitazar, naglivan, nateglinide, naveglitazar, netoglitazone, omarigliptin, oxeglitazar, peliglitazar, pemaglitazar, pioglitazone, piragliatin, pirogliride, prusogliptin, ragaglitazar, reglitazar, remogliflozin etabonate, repaglinide, rivoglitazone, rosiglitazone, saroglitazar, saxagliptin, seglitide, sergliflozin etabonate, sipoglitazar, sitagliptin, sodelglitazar, sotagliflozin, teglicar, teneligliptin, tesaglitazar, tibeglisene, tofogliflozin, trelagliptin, troglitazone, velagliflozin, vildagliptin, voglibose |
| -gliflozin | end | sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, phlorizin derivatives | 15 atigliflozin, bexagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, ipragliflozin, licogliflozin +7 moreluseogliflozin, mizagliflozin, remogliflozin etabonate, sergliflozin etabonate, sotagliflozin, tofogliflozin, velagliflozin |
| -gliptin | end | dipeptidyl aminopeptidase–IV inhibitors | 20 alogliptin, anagliptin, bisegliptin, carmegliptin, cofrogliptin, denagliptin, dutogliptin, evogliptin +12 moregarvagliptin, gemigliptin, gosogliptin, linagliptin, melogliptin, omarigliptin, prusogliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, trelagliptin, vildagliptin |
| -glitazar | end | dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptors-α and γ (PPAR- α,γ) agonists | 17 aleglitazar, carfloglitazar, cevoglitazar, farglitazar, imiglitazar, indeglitazar, muroglitazar, naveglitazar +9 moreoxeglitazar, peliglitazar, pemaglitazar, ragaglitazar, reglitazar, saroglitazar, sipoglitazar, sodelglitazar, tesaglitazar |
| -glitazone | end | peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, thiazolidinedione derivatives | 13 azemiglitazone, balaglitazone, ciglitazone, darglitazone, edaglitazone, englitazone, leriglitazone, lobeglitazone +5 morenetoglitazone, pioglitazone, rivoglitazone, rosiglitazone, troglitazone |
| -glumide | end | cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonists, antiulcer, anxiolytic agent | 6 dexloxiglumide, itriglumide, lorglumide, proglumide, spiroglumide, tomoglumide |
| -glurant | end | metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists/ negative allosteric modulators | 6 basimglurant, decoglurant, dipraglurant, mavoglurant, raseglurant, remeglurant |
| -glutide | end | Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP) analogues | 14 albiglutide, apraglutide, beinaglutide, dulaglutide, ecnoglutide, elsiglutide, froniglutide, glepaglutide +6 moreliraglutide, maridebart cafraglutide, semaglutide, taspoglutide, teduglutide, utreglutide |
| -golide | end | dopamine receptor agonists, ergoline derivatives | 5 adrogolide, naxagolide, pergolide, quinagolide, voxergolide |
| -golix | end | gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists | 6 elagolix, linzagolix, merigolix, opigolix, relugolix, sufugolix |
| -gosivir | end | glucoside inhibitors | 1 celgosivir |
| -gramostim | end | granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) types substances | 4 ecogramostim, molgramostim, regramostim, sargramostim |
| -grastim | end | granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) type substances | 15 balugrastim, efbemalenograstim alfa, eflapegrastim, eflenograstim alfa, empegfilsgrastim, filgrastim, lenograstim, lipegfilgrastim +7 moremecapegfilgrastim, nartograstim, pegbovigrastim, pegfilgrastim, pegnartograstim, pegteograstim, telpegfilgrastim |
| -grel-/-grel | end or inside | platelet aggregation inhibitors | 31 anagrelide, camonagrel, cangrelor, clopidogrel, dazmegrel, elinogrel, furegrelate, isbogrel +23 moreitazigrel, midazogrel, nafagrel, nicogrelate, oxagrelate, ozagrel, pamicogrel, parogrelil, pirmagrel, prasugrel, rafigrelide, regrelor, ridogrel, rolafagrel, samixogrel, sarpogrelate, satigrel, selatogrel, sunagrel, temanogrel, terbogrel, ticagrelor, trifenagrel |
| guan- | start | antihypertensives, guanidine derivatives | 14 guanabenz, guanacline, guanadrel, guanazodine, guancidine, guanclofine, guanethidine, guanfacine +6 moreguanisoquine, guanoclor, guanoctine, guanoxabenz, guanoxan, guanoxyfen |
| -ibine | end | ribofuranyl-derivatives of the “pyrazofurin” type | 6 azaribine, cladribine, isatoribine, loxoribine, mizoribine, triciribine |
| -icam | end | anti-inflammatory, isoxicam derivatives | 10 ampiroxicam, droxicam, enolicam, isoxicam, lornoxicam, meloxicam, piroxicam, sudoxicam +2 moretenoxicam, tesicam |
| -ifene | end | antiestrogens or estrogen receptor modulators, clomifene and tamoxifen derivatives | 24 acolbifene, afimoxifene, arzoxifene, bazedoxifene, clomifene, droloxifene, enclomifene, fispemifene +16 moreidoxifene, lasofoxifene, levormeloxifene, miproxifene, nitromifene, ormeloxifene, ospemifene, panomifene, pipendoxifene, raloxifene, sivifene, tesmilifene, toremifene, trioxifene, zindoxifene, zuclomifene |
| -ilide | end | class III antiarrhythmics, sematilide derivatives | 10 ambasilide, artilide, azimilide, dofetilide, ersentilide, ibutilide, ipazilide, risotilide +2 moresematilide, trecetilide |
| imex former | anywhere | immunostimulants | 6 azimexon, forfenimex, imexon, roquinimex, ubenimex, veledimex |
| -imibe | end | antihyperlipidaemics, acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors | 7 avasimibe, canosimibe, eflucimibe, eldacimibe, ezetimibe, nevanimibe, pactimibe |
| -imod | end | immunomodulators, both stimulant/suppressive and stimulant | 83 acumapimod, adezmapimod, agatolimod, alintegimod, amiselimod, apilimod, atiprimod, balamapimod +75 morebentamapimod, bevifimod, blisibimod, cavrotolimod, cenerimod, ceralifimod, cobitolimod, cridanimod, cupabimod, defoslimod, dilmapimod, doramapimod, efgartigimod alfa, efizonerimod alfa, efprezimod alfa, eftilagimod alfa, efzofitimod, emprumapimod, entolimod, epetirimod, esonarimod, etrasimod, fingolimod, forigerimod, glaspimod, golotimod, guretolimod, icanbelimod, iguratimod, imiquimod, indoximod, ivarimod, lapretolimod, laquinimod, lefitolimod, litenimod, losmapimod, mocravimod, mosedipimod, motolimod, navoximod, neflamapimod, obefazimod, orilotimod, ozanimod, pamapimod, paquinimod, pegtarazimod, pidotimod, pixatimod, polvitolimod, ponesimod, rabeximod, reltecimod, resiquimod, resiquimod pegol, rintatolimod, ruzotolimod, selgantolimod, semapimod, siponimod, sotirimod, susalimod, talmapimod, tamuzimod, tasquinimod, telratolimod, tilsotolimod, tiprotimod, udifitimod, vesatolimod, vibozilimod, vidutolimod, vonifimod, xempritolimod |
| -imus | end | immunosuppressants (other than antineoplastics) | 17 abetimus, anisperimus, everolimus, gusperimus, laflunimus, manitimus, napirimus, olcorolimus +9 morepimecrolimus, ridaforolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus, temsirolimus, tresperimus, umirolimus, vidofludimus, zotarolimus |
| -inostat | end | histone deacetylase inhibitors | 20 abexinostat, alteminostat, belinostat, citarinostat, dacinostat, domatinostat, entinostat, fimepinostat +12 moregivinostat, ivaltinostat, mocetinostat, panobinostat, pracinostat, quisinostat, remetinostat, resminostat, tefinostat, tucidinostat, vorinostat, zabadinostat |
| -inurad | end | urate transporter inhibitors | 7 dotinurad, epaminurad, lesinurad, puliginurad, ruzinurad, verinurad, xininurad |
| io- | start | iodine-containing contrast media | 56 iobenzamic acid, iobitridol, iobutoic acid, iocarmic acid, iocetamic acid, iodamide, iodecimol, iodetryl +48 moreiodixanol, iodophthalein sodium, iodoxamic acid, iofendylate, ioforminol, iofratol, ioglicic acid, ioglucol, ioglucomide, ioglunide, ioglycamic acid, iohexol, iolidonic acid, iolixanic acid, iomeglamic acid, iomeprol, iomorinic acid, iopamidol, iopanoic acid, iopentol, iophenoic acid, ioprocemic acid, iopromide, iopronic acid, iopydol, iopydone, iosarcol, iosefamic acid, ioseric acid, iosimenol, iosimide, iosulamide, iosumetic acid, iotalamic acid, iotasul, iotetric acid, iotranic acid, iotriside, iotrizoic acid, iotrolan, iotroxic acid, ioversol, ioxabrolic acid, ioxaglic acid, ioxilan, ioxitalamic acid, ioxotrizoic acid, iozomic acid |
| -irine | end | cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers and analogues | 9 camidanlumab tesirine, loncastuximab tesirine, mipasetamab uzoptirine, pivekimab sunirine, rolinsatamab talirine, rovalpituzumab tesirine, serclutamab talirine, tamrintamab pamozirine +1 morevadastuximab talirine |
| -irudin | end | thrombin inhibitors, hirudin derivatives | 4 bivalirudin, desirudin, lepirudin, pegmusirudin |
| -isant | end | histamine H3 receptor antagonists | 5 bavisant, cipralisant, enerisant, irdabisant, pitolisant |
| -isomide | end | class I antiarrhythmics, disopyramide derivatives | 3 actisomide, bidisomide, pentisomide |
| -ium | end | quaternary ammonium compounds | 152 aclatonium napadisilate, aclidinium bromide, acriflavinium chloride, alcuronium chloride, amantanium bromide, ambenonium chloride, atracurium besilate, azamethonium bromide +144 morebenzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzilonium bromide, benzododecinium chloride, benzopyrronium bromide, benzoxonium chloride, benzpyrinium bromide, beperidium, bevonium metilsulfate, butropium bromide, candocuronium iodide, carpronium chloride, cefalonium, cefmepidium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, cethexonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorphenoctium amsonate, ciclonium bromide, ciclotropium bromide, cimetropium bromide, cisatracurium besilate, clidinium bromide, cyclopyrronium bromide, dacuronium bromide, decamethonium bromide, deditonium bromide, demecarium bromide, denatonium benzoate, dequalinium chloride, dicolinium iodide, dimecolinium iodide, dimethyltubocurarinium chloride, dimetipirium bromide, diponium bromide, disiquonium chloride, dodeclonium bromide, dofamium chloride, dotefonium bromide, doxacurium chloride, droclidinium bromide, emepronium bromide, etipirium iodide, fazadinium bromide, fenclexonium metilsulfate, fenpiverinium bromide, fentonium bromide, fludazonium chloride, flutropium bromide, fubrogonium iodide, furazolium chloride, furtrethonium iodide, gantacurium chloride, glycopyrronium bromide, halopenium chloride, hedaquinium chloride, heteronium bromide, hexafluronium bromide, hexamethonium bromide, hexasonium iodide, hexocyclium metilsulfate, hexopyrronium bromide, ipratropium bromide, lapirium chloride, laudexium metilsulfate, lauralkonium chloride, laurcetium bromide, laurolinium acetate, mebezonium iodide, mecetronium etilsulfate, metalkonium chloride, methanthelinium bromide, methylbenactyzium bromide, methylbenzethonium chloride, methylrosanilinium chloride, methylthioninium chloride, metocinium iodide, miripirium chloride, miristalkonium chloride, mivacurium chloride, nolinium bromide, octafonium chloride, opratonium iodide, otilonium bromide, oxapium iodide, oxapropanium iodide, oxitefonium bromide, oxitropium bromide, oxydipentonium chloride, oxyphenonium bromide, oxypyrronium bromide, oxysonium iodide, pancuronium bromide, penoctonium bromide, pentacynium chloride, pentamethonium bromide, pentapiperium metilsulfate, pentolonium tartrate, phenactropinium chloride, pipecuronium bromide, piprocurarium iodide, pirralkonium bromide, polidronium chloride, polixetonium chloride, prifinium bromide, prodeconium bromide, prolonium iodide, rapacuronium bromide, ritropirronium bromide, rocuronium bromide, sanguinarium chloride, sepazonium chloride, sintropium bromide, sofpironium bromide, stercuronium iodide, stilonium iodide, sultroponium, suxamethonium chloride, suxethonium chloride, tematropium metilsulfate, tetradonium bromide, tetrylammonium bromide, thiazinamium metilsulfate, tiametonium iodide, tibezonium iodide, tiemonium iodide, timepidium bromide, tiodonium chloride, tiotropium bromide, tiquizium bromide, toliodium chloride, toloconium metilsulfate, tonzonium bromide, trantelinium bromide, trepirium iodide, triclobisonium chloride, trimethidinium methosulfate, trospium chloride, truxicurium iodide, truxipicurium iodide, umeclidinium bromide, vecuronium bromide, xenytropium bromide |
| -ixafor | end | chemokine CXCR4 antagonists | 3 burixafor, mavorixafor, plerixafor |
| -ixibat | end | ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitors, bile acid reabsorption inhibitors | 7 barixibat, elobixibat, linerixibat, maralixibat chloride, odevixibat, ritivixibat, volixibat |
| -izine | end | diphenylmethyl piperazine derivatives | 28 belarizine, benderizine, buclizine, buterizine, cetirizine, chlorcyclizine, cinnarizine, clocinizine +20 morecyclizine, decloxizine, dotarizine, efletirizine, elbanizine, etodroxizine, flotrenizine, flunarizine, homochlorcyclizine, hydroxyzine, levocetirizine, lifarizine, lomerizine, pibaxizine, pipoxizine, ropizine, tagorizine, tamolarizine, trelnarizine, trenizine |
| -kacin | end | antibiotics, kanamycin and bekanamycin derivatives (obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus) | 4 amikacin, arbekacin, dibekacin, propikacin |
| -kalant | end | potassium channel blockers | 9 adekalant, almokalant, bafrekalant, clamikalant, inakalant, nifekalant, pinokalant, terikalant +1 morevernakalant |
| -kalim | end | potassium channel activators, antihypertensive | 9 aprikalim, bimakalim, cromakalim, emakalim, foslevcromakalim, levcromakalim, mazokalim, rilmakalim +1 moresarakalim |
| -kef- | inside | Enkephalin, endorphin and dynorphin opioid δ, µ and κ receptor agonists | 6 amdakefalin, casokefamide, difelikefalin, frakefamide, metenkefalin, metkefamide |
| -kin | end | interleukin type substances | 32 adargileukin alfa, aldesleukin, atexakin alfa, avipendekin pegol, bempegaldesleukin, binetrakin, canoctakin, celmoleukin +24 morecergutuzumab amunaleukin, cintredekin besudotox, denenicokin, denileukin diftitox, edodekin alfa, efavaleukin alfa, efineptakin alfa, eflepedocokin alfa, emoctakin, fbalropendekin alfa, iboctadekin, ilodecakin, melredableukin alfa, mobenakin, nogapendekin alfa, oprelvekin, pegaldesleukin, pegenzileukin, pegilodecakin, pifonakin, pimroctakin, rezpegaldesleukin, teceleukin, tucotuzumab celmoleukin |
| -ki(n)- | inside | target: interleukin | 44 abrezekimab, avizakimab, bermekimab, bimekizumab, briakinumab, camoteskimab, canakinumab, cendakimab +36 morecergutuzumab amunaleukin, clazakizumab, depemokimab, ebdarokimab, eblasakimab, enokizumab, etokimab, fezakinumab, gevokizumab, gumokimab, itepekimab, ixekizumab, lebrikizumab, lusvertikimab, lutikizumab, manfidokimab, mirikizumab, netakimab, olokizumab, ordesekimab, perakizumab, pivekimab, pivekimab sunirine, risankizumab, romilkimab, secukinumab, sonelokimab, tildrakizumab, torudokimab, tozorakimab, tralokinumab, tucotuzumab celmoleukin, ustekinumab, vunakizumab, xeligekimab, ziltivekimab |
| -kinra | end | interleukin receptor antagonists and interleukin antgonists | 4 anakinra, erepdekinra, isunakinra, pitrakinra |
| -kiren | end | renin inhibitors | 8 aliskiren, ciprokiren, ditekiren, enalkiren, imarikiren, remikiren, terlakiren, zankiren |
| -laner | end | antagonists of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) regulated chloride channels, antiparasitic agents | 9 afoxolaner, esafoxolaner, fluralaner, lotilaner, mivorilaner, modoflaner, sarolaner, tigolaner +1 moreumifoxolaner |
| -lefacept | end | lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 receptors | 1 alefacept |
| -leukin | end | interleukin-2 analogues and derivatives | 13 adargileukin alfa, aldesleukin, bempegaldesleukin, celmoleukin, cergutuzumab amunaleukin, denileukin diftitox, efavaleukin alfa, melredableukin alfa +5 morepegaldesleukin, pegenzileukin, rezpegaldesleukin, teceleukin, tucotuzumab celmoleukin |
| -leuton | end | 5-lipo-oxygenase inhibitors, anti-inflammatory | 7 atreleuton, daleuton, diroleuton, epeleuton, fenleuton, setileuton, zileuton |
| -lisib | end | phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, antineoplastics | 34 acalisib, alpelisib, amdizalisib, apitolisib, bimiralisib, buparlisib, copanlisib, dactolisib +26 moredezapelisib, duvelisib, eganelisib, gedatolisib, gilmelisib, idelalisib, inavolisib, izorlisib, leniolisib, linperlisib, nemiralisib, omipalisib, panulisib, parsaclisib, paxalisib, pictilisib, pilaralisib, recilisib, risovalisib, samotolisib, seletalisib, serabelisib, tenalisib, umbralisib, vulolisib, zandelisib |
| -listat | end | gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors | 2 cetilistat, orlistat |
| -lubant | end | leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist | 3 amelubant, moxilubant, ticolubant |
| -lukast | end | leukotriene receptor antagonists | 14 ablukast, cinalukast, gemilukast, iralukast, masilukast, montelukast, pobilukast, pranlukast +6 moreritolukast, sulukast, tipelukast, tomelukast, verlukast, zafirlukast |
| -lutamide | end | non-steroid antiandrogens | 12 apalutamide, bavdegalutamide, bicalutamide, darolutamide, deutenzalutamide, enzalutamide, flutamide, gumelutamide +4 morenilutamide, pruxelutamide, rezvilutamide, topilutamide |
| -mab | end | monoclonal antibodies (previous naming scheme) | 831 abrezekimab, acapatamab, acasunlimab, acrixolimab, adabrelimab, adalimumab, adalimumab beta, adalimumab fosimdesonide +823 morealemtuzumab, alemtuzumab beta, alnuctamab, alomfilimab, alsevalimab, altumomab, amlitelimab, amubarvimab, anatumomab mafenatox, anbenitamab, anetumab corixetanglo, anetumab ravtansine, anifrolumab, anivovetmab, anselamimab, ansuvimab, anumigilimab, apamistamab, aprutumab, aprutumab ixadotin, arcitumomab, ascrinvacumab, aselizumab, astegolimab, atezolizumab, atibuclimab, atidortoxumab, atinumab, atoltivimab, atorolimumab, avdoralimab, avelumab, avizakimab, axatilimab, azintuxizumab vedotin, bafisontamab, balstilimab, bamlanivimab, bapotulimab, barecetamab, barzolvolimab, basiliximab, basiliximab sarotalocan, batoclimab, bavituximab, bavunalimab, bebtelovimab, bectumomab, bedinvetmab, befovacimab, begelomab, belantamab, belantamab mafodotin, belimumab, beludavimab, bemarituzumab, benralizumab, bentracimab, benufutamab, bepranemab, berlimatoxumab, bermekimab, bersanlimab, bertilimumab, besilesomab, betifisolimab, bevacizumab, bevacizumab beta, bevacizumab gamma, bexmarilimab, bezlotoxumab, bimekizumab, birtamimab, bivatuzumab, bleselumab, blinatumomab, blontuvetmab, bococizumab, boserolimab, botensilimab, brazikumab, brentuximab vedotin, briakinumab, briquilimab, brodalumab, brolucizumab, brontictuzumab, budigalimab, burfiralimab, cabiralizumab, cadonilimab, camidanlumab, camidanlumab tesirine, camoteskimab, camrelizumab, canakinumab, cantuzumab mertansine, cantuzumab ravtansine, caplacizumab, capromab, carlumab, carotuximab, casirivimab, catumaxomab, cedelizumab, cemiplimab, cendakimab, cergutuzumab amunaleukin, certolizumab pegol, cetrelimab, cetuximab, cetuximab sarotalocan, cevostamab, cibisatamab, cifurtilimab, cilgavimab, cinpanemab, cirevetmab, citatuzumab bogatox, cixutumumab, clazakizumab, clenoliximab, clesrovimab, clivatuzumab tetraxetan, cobolimab, codrituzumab, cofetuzumab, cofetuzumab pelidotin, coltuximab ravtansine, conatumumab, concizumab, coprelotamab, cosibelimab, crefmirlimab, crefmirlimab berdoxam, crenezumab, crizanlizumab, crotedumab, crovalimab, cudarolimab, cusatuzumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daclizumab beta, dafsolimab, dafsolimab setaritox, dalotuzumab, dapirolizumab pegol, daratumumab, datopotamab, datopotamab deruxtecan, daxdilimab, dectrekumab, demcizumab, demupitamab, denintuzumab mafodotin, denosumab, depatuxizumab, depatuxizumab mafodotin, depemokimab, derlotuximab biotin, detumomab, dinutuximab, dinutuximab beta, disitamab, disitamab vedotin, divozilimab, docaravimab, domvanalimab, donanemab, dorlimomab aritox, dostarlimab, dovanvetmab, dresbuxelimab, drozitumab, duligotuzumab, dupilumab, durvalumab, dusigitumab, duvortuxizumab, ebdarokimab, eblasakimab, ebronucimab, ecleralimab, ecromeximab, eculizumab, edrecolomab, efalizumab, eldelumab, elezanumab, elgemtumab, elipovimab, elotuzumab, elranatamab, elsilimomab, emactuzumab, emapalumab, emerfetamab, emfizatamab, emibetuzumab, emicizumab, emirodatamab, enapotamab, enapotamab vedotin, enavatuzumab, encelimab, enfortumab vedotin, enibarcimab, enlimomab, enlimomab pegol, enoblituzumab, enokizumab, enoticumab, ensituximab, enuzovimab, envafolimab, epcoritamab, epitumomab, epitumomab cituxetan, epratuzumab, eptinezumab, erenumab, erfonrilimab, erlizumab, ertumaxomab, etaracizumab, etesevimab, etevritamab, etigilimab, etokimab, etrolizumab, evinacumab, evolocumab, exbivirumab, exidavnemab, ezabenlimab, fanolesomab, faralimomab, faricimab, farletuzumab, farletuzumab ecteribulin, fasinumab, favezelimab, fazpilodemab, felzartamab, fezakinumab, fianlimab, ficlatuzumab, fidasintamab, figitumumab, finotolimab, firivumab, fiztasovimab, fladilimab, flanvotumab, fletikumab, flotetuzumab, fontolizumab, foralumab, foravirumab, fremanezumab, fresolimumab, frexalimab, frovocimab, frunevetmab, fulranumab, futuximab, galcanezumab, galegenimab, galiximab, gancotamab, ganitumab, gantenerumab, garadacimab, garivulimab, gatipotuzumab, gavilimomab, gedivumab, gefurulimab, gemtuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, geptanolimab, gevokizumab, gilvetmab, gimsilumab, ginisortamab, girentuximab, girolalimab, glembatumumab, glembatumumab vedotin, glenzocimab, glofitamab, golimumab, golocdacimab, gontivimab, gosuranemab, gratalimab, gremubamab, grisnilimab setaritox, gumokimab, guselkumab, ianalumab, ibalizumab, ibritumomab tiuxetan, icrucumab, idactamab, idarucizumab, ieramilimab, ifabotuzumab, ifinatamab, ifinatamab deruxtecan, igovomab, iladatuzumab, iladatuzumab vedotin, imalumab, imaprelimab, imciromab, imdevimab, imgatuzumab, imsidolimab, imvotamab, inclacumab, indatuximab ravtansine, indusatumab, indusatumab vedotin, inebilizumab, inezetamab, infliximab, inolimomab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, intetumumab, iparomlimab, ipilimumab, iratumumab, isatuximab, iscalimab, ispectamab debotansine, istiratumab, itepekimab, itolizumab, ivicentamab, ivonescimab, ivuxolimab, ixekizumab, izalontamab, izenivetmab, izuralimab, keliximab, labetuzumab, labetuzumab govitecan, lacnotuzumab, lacutamab, ladintrevimab, ladiratuzumab, ladiratuzumab vedotin, lampalizumab, lanadelumab, landogrozumab, laprituximab, laprituximab emtansine, larcaviximab, latozinemab, lebrikizumab, lecanemab, lemalesomab, lemzoparlimab, lenvervimab, lenzilumab, lerdelimumab, leronlimab, lesabelimab, lesofavumab, letaplimab, letolizumab, levilimab, lexatumumab, libivirumab, licaminlimab, lifastuzumab vedotin, ligelizumab, ligufalimab, lilotomab, lilotomab satetraxetan, lintuzumab, lintuzumab satetraxetan, linvoseltamab, lirentelimab, lirilumab, litifilimab, livmoniplimab, lodapolimab, lodelcizumab, lokivetmab, lomtegovimab, loncastuximab, loncastuximab tesirine, lonigutamab, lonigutamab ugodotin, lorigerlimab, lorvotuzumab mertansine, losatuxizumab, losatuxizumab vedotin, lucatumumab, lulizumab pegol, lumiliximab, lumretuzumab, lupartumab, lupartumab amadotin, lusvertikimab, lutikizumab, luveltamab, luveltamab tazevibulin, maftivimab, magrolimab, manelimab, manfidokimab, mapatumumab, margetuximab, marstacimab, maslimomab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mazorelvimab, mecbotamab, melrilimab, mepolizumab, metelimumab, mezagitamab, mibavademab, milatuzumab, minretumomab, mipasetamab, mipasetamab uzoptirine, miptenalimab, mirikizumab, miromavimab, mirvetuximab, mirvetuximab soravtansine, mirzotamab, mirzotamab clezutoclax, mitazalimab, mitumomab, modotuximab, mogamulizumab, monalizumab, morolimumab, mosunetuzumab, motavizumab, moxetumomab pasudotox, mupadolimab, murlentamab, nacolomab tafenatox, nadecnemab, nadunolimab, namilumab, naptumomab estafenatox, naratuximab, naratuximab emtansine, narnatumab, narsoplimab, natalizumab, navivumab, naxitamab, necitumumab, nemolizumab, nerelimomab, nesvacumab, netakimab, nimacimab, nimotuzumab, nipocalimab, nirsevimab, nivatrotamab, nivolumab, nofazinlimab, nofetumomab merpentan, nurulimab, obexelimab, obinutuzumab, ocaratuzumab, ociperlimab, ocrelizumab, odesivimab, odulimomab, ofatumumab, olaratumab, oleclumab, olendalizumab, olinvacimab, olokizumab, omalizumab, omburtamab, omodenbamab, onartuzumab, ongericimab, ontamalimab, ontuxizumab, onvatilimab, opicinumab, oportuzumab monatox, opucolimab, ordesekimab, oregovomab, orilanolimab, ormutivimab, orticumab, osemitamab, osocimab, otilimab, otlertuzumab, oxelumab, ozanezumab, ozoralizumab, ozuriftamab, ozuriftamab vedotin, pacanalotamab, pacmilimab, palivizumab, pamrevlumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, parsatuzumab, pascolizumab, pasotuxizumab, pateclizumab, patritumab, patritumab deruxtecan, pavurutamab, pelgifatamab, pelgifatamab corixetan, pembrolizumab, penpulimab, pepinemab, perakizumab, peresolimab, pertuzumab, pertuzumab zuvotolimod, pexelizumab, pidilizumab, pimivalimab, pimurutamab, pinatuzumab vedotin, pintumomab, pivekimab, pivekimab sunirine, placulumab, plonmarlimab, plozalizumab, plutavimab, polatuzumab vedotin, ponezumab, porgaviximab, posdinemab, pozelimab, praluzatamab ravtansine, prasinezumab, prezalumab, priliximab, pritoxaximab, pritumumab, prolgolimab, pucotenlimab, pulocimab, quavonlimab, quetmolimab, quilizumab, quisovalimab, racotumomab, radretumab, rafivirumab, ragifilimab, ralpancizumab, ramucirumab, ranevetmab, ranibizumab, ravagalimab, ravulizumab, raxibacumab, recaticimab, refanezumab, regavirumab, regdanvimab, relatlimab, relfovetmab, remtolumab, reosalimab, reslizumab, retifanlimab, revdofilimab, rilotumumab, rimteravimab, rinucumab, ripertamab, risankizumab, rituximab, rivabazumab pegol, robatumumab, rocatinlimab, roledumab, rolinsatamab, rolinsatamab talirine, romilkimab, romlusevimab, romosozumab, rontalizumab, rosmantuzumab, rosnilimab, rosopatamab, rosopatamab tetraxetan, rovalpituzumab, rovalpituzumab tesirine, rovelizumab, rozanolixizumab, rulonilimab, runimotamab, ruplizumab, sabatolimab, sacituzumab, sacituzumab govitecan, samalizumab, samrotamab, samrotamab vedotin, sarilumab, sasanlimab, satralizumab, satumomab, secukinumab, selicrelumab, semorinemab, semzuvolimab, serclutamab, serclutamab salirine, seribantumab, serplulimab, setoxaximab, setrusumab, sevirumab, sibeprenlimab, sibrotuzumab, sifalimumab, siltuximab, simridarlimab, simtuzumab, sintilimab, siplizumab, sirexatamab, sirtratumab, sirtratumab vedotin, sirukumab, socazolimab, sofituzumab vedotin, solanezumab, solitomab, sonelokimab, sontuzumab, sotevtamab, sotigalimab, sotrovimab, spartalizumab, spesolimab, stamulumab, suciraslimab, sudubrilimab, sugemalimab, sulesomab, suptavumab, surzebiclimab, suvizumab, suvratoxumab, tabalumab, tabituximab, tabituximab barzuxetan, tadocizumab, tafasitamab, tafolecimab, tagitanlimab, talacotuzumab, talizumab, talquetamab, tamgiblimab, tamrintamab, tamrintamab pamozirine, tamtuvetmab, tanezumab, taplitumomab paptox, tarcocimab, tarcocimab tedromer, tarextumab, tarlatamab, tavolimab, tebotelimab, tecaginlimab, teclistamab, tefibazumab, telazorlimab, telimomab aritox, telisotuzumab, telisotuzumab vedotin, temelimab, tenatumomab, teneliximab, teplizumab, tepoditamab, teprotumumab, teropavimab, tesidolumab, tesnatilimab, tezepelumab, tibulizumab, tidutamab, tifcemalimab, tigatuzumab, tilavonemab, tildrakizumab, tilogotamab, tilvestamab, timigutuzumab, timolumab, tinurilimab, tiragolumab, tirnovetmab, tislelizumab, tisotumab, tisotumab vedotin, tixagevimab, tocilizumab, tomaralimab, tomuzotuximab, toralizumab, toripalimab, torudokimab, tosatoxumab, tositumomab, tovetumab, tozorakimab, tralokinumab, trastuzumab, trastuzumab beta, trastuzumab botidotin, trastuzumab corixetan, trastuzumab deruxtecan, trastuzumab duocarmazine, trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab imbotolimod, trastuzumab rezetecan, trastuzumab vedotin, tregalizumab, tremelimumab, trevogrumab, trinbelimab, trontinemab, tucotuzumab celmoleukin, tusamitamab, tusamitamab ravtansine, tuvirumab, tuvonralimab, ubamatamab, ublituximab, ulenistamab, uliledlimab, ulocuplumab, unasnemab, upanovimab, urabrelimab, urelumab, ustekinumab, utomilumab, vadastuximab, vadastuximab talirine, vandortuzumab vedotin, vantictumab, vanucizumab, vapaliximab, varisacumab, varlilumab, vatelizumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, vepalimomab, vepsitamab, vesencumab, vibecotamab, vibostolimab, vilobelimab, visilizumab, vixarelimab, vixtimotamab, vobarilizumab, vobramitamab duocarmazine, vofatamab, volagidemab, volociximab, vonlerolizumab, vopratelimab, vorsetuzumab, vorsetuzumab mafodotin, votumumab, voxalatamab, vudalimab, vulinacimab, vunakizumab, xeligekimab, xentuzumab, zagotenemab, zalifrelimab, zalutumumab, zamerovimab, zampilimab, zanidatamab zovodotin, zanolimumab, zansecimab, zelminemab, zeluvalimab, zenocutuzumab, zilovertamab, zilovertamab vedotin, ziltivekimab, zimberelimab, zinlirvimab, ziralimumab, zolbetuximab, zolimomab aritox, zuberitamab |
| -madlin | end | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (Hdm2) inhibitors | 6 alrizomadlin, brigimadlin, navtemadlin, rebemadlin, siremadlin, sulanemadlin |
| -mantadine | end | adamantane derivatives | 5 amantadine, carmantadine, rimantadine, somantadine, tromantadine |
| -mantine | end | adamantane derivatives | 2 dopamantine, memantine |
| -mantone | end | adamantane derivatives | 1 idramantone |
| -mapimod | end | mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors | 12 acumapimod, adezmapimod, balamapimod, bentamapimod, dilmapimod, doramapimod, emprumapimod, losmapimod +4 moreneflamapimod, pamapimod, semapimod, talmapimod |
| -mastat | end | matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors | 11 aderamastat, aldumastat, batimastat, cipemastat, ilomastat, marimastat, otaplimastat, prinomastat +3 morerebimastat, solimastat, tanomastat |
| -meline | end | cholinergic agents (muscarine receptor agonists/ partial antagonists used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease) | 7 cevimeline, itameline, milameline, revosimeline, sabcomeline, tazomeline, xanomeline |
| mer-/-mer | start or end | mercury-containing drugs, antimicrobial or diuretic (deleted from General Principles in List 28 prop. INN) | 9 meralein sodium, meralluride, merbromin, mercaptomerin, mercuderamide, mercumatilin sodium, mercurobutol, mercurophylline +1 moremersalyl |
| -mer | end | polymers | 32 amilomer, azoximer bromide, berdazimer sodium, bixalomer, bofelisimer, cadexomer, carbetimer, carbomer +24 morecrilanomer, daniluromer, davamotecan pegadexamer, demplatin pegralumer, dextranomer, eldexomer, exatecan alideximer, firtecan peglumer, hemoglobin glutamer, hemoglobin raffimer, leuciglumer, maletamer, ompinamer, patiromer calcium, pegfosimer manganese, poloxamer, porfimer sodium, sevelamer, surfomer, talinexomer, tolevamer, veverimer, vimdemer, zinostatin stimalamer |
| -meran | end | messenger RNA (mRNA) | 23 abdavomeran, acavameran, autogene cevumeran, davesomeran, elasomeran, enomimeran, famtozinameran, ganulameran +15 moregindameran, imelasomeran, nadorameran, ontasameran, pidacmeran, pomulmeran, riltozinameran, secelasomeran, tozinameran, ufrenmeran, vibosameran, zapomeran, zeldesmeran, ziclumeran, zorecimeran |
| -mesine | end | sigma receptor ligands | 5 blarcamesine, cutamesine, igmesine, panamesine, siramesine |
| -mestane | end | aromatase inhibitors | 4 exemestane, formestane, minamestane, plomestane |
| -metacin | end | anti-inflammatory, indometacin derivatives | 15 acemetacin, cinmetacin, clometacin, delmetacin, demetacin, duometacin, glucametacin, indometacin +7 moreniometacin, oxametacin, pimetacin, proglumetacin, sermetacin, talmetacin, zidometacin |
| -metostat | end | histone N-methyltransferase inhibitors | 7 lirametostat, onametostat, pemrametostat, pinometostat, tazemetostat, tulmimetostat, valemetostat |
| -micin | end | aminoglycosides, antibiotics obtained from various Micromonospora | 17 astromicin, betamicin, etisomicin, evernimicin, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, gentamicin, isepamicin, maduramicin +9 moremegalomicin, micronomicin, netilmicin, ozogamicin, pentisomicin, plazomicin, repromicin, semduramicin, sisomicin |
| -mifene | end | antiestrogens, clomifene and tamoxifen derivatives | 8 clomifene, enclomifene, fispemifene, nitromifene, ospemifene, panomifene, toremifene, zuclomifene |
| -mig | end | multi-specific immunoglobulins (current monoclonal antibody naming scheme) | 19 acimtamig, ciduvectamig, danvilostomig, davutamig, denecimig, forimtamig, lomvastomig, nebratamig +11 moreobertamig, rilvegostomig, sabestomig, tarperprumig, tobemstomig, umizortamig, volrustomig, vonsetamig, xaluritamig, zeripatamig, zifibancimig |
| -milast | end | Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors | 20 apremilast, catramilast, cilomilast, difamilast, dovramilast, elbimilast, indimilast, lavamilast +12 morelirimilast, lotamilast, mufemilast, oglemilast, orismilast, piclamilast, revamilast, roflumilast, tanimilast, tetomilast, tofimilast, zatolmilast |
| mito- former | start | antineoplastics, nucleotoxic agents (deleted from General Principles in List 24 prop. INN) | 17 mitobronitol, mitocarcin, mitoclomine, mitoflaxone, mitogillin, mitoguazone, mitolactol, mitomalcin +9 moremitomycin, mitonafide, mitopodozide, mitoquidone, mitosper, mitotane, mitotenamine, mitoxantrone, mitozolomide |
| -monam | end | monobactam antibiotics | 5 carumonam, gloximonam, oximonam, pirazmonam, tigemonam |
| -morelin | end | growth hormone release-stimulating peptides | 14 anamorelin, capromorelin, dumorelin, examorelin, ipamorelin, lenomorelin, macimorelin, pralmorelin +6 morerelamorelin, rismorelin, sermorelin, tabimorelin, tesamorelin, ulimorelin |
| -mostim | end | macrophage stimulating factors (M-CSF) type substances | 3 cilmostim, lanimostim, mirimostim |
| -motide | end | immunological agents for active immunization | 30 abecomotide, adegramotide, alicdamotide, alrefimotide, amilomotide, asudemotide, baloramotide, disomotide +22 moreederimotide, elpamotide, etimumotide, graunimotide, imsamotide, latromotide, marlumotide, nelatimotide, onilcamotide, ovemotide, pradimotide, quasomotide, riletamotide, sultimotide alfa, tanurmotide, tapderimotide, tecemotide, tertomotide, tiplimotide, trempamotide, vorumotide, zastumotide |
| -motine | end | antivirals, quinoline derivatives | 2 famotine, memotine |
| -moxin former | end | monoamine oxidase inhibitors, hydrazine derivatives | 4 benmoxin, cimemoxin, domoxin, octamoxin |
| -mulin | end | antibacterials, pleuromulin derivatives | 6 azamulin, lefamulin, pleuromulin, retapamulin, tiamulin, valnemulin |
| -mustine | end | antineoplastic, alkylating agents, (β-chloroethyl) amine derivatives | 26 alestramustine, ambamustine, atrimustine, bendamustine, bofumustine, carmustine, ditiomustine, ecomustine +18 moreelmustine, estramustine, fotemustine, galamustine, laromustine, lomustine, mannomustine, neptamustine, nimustine, pentamustine, prednimustine, ranimustine, semustine, spiromustine, tallimustine, tauromustine, tinostamustine, uramustine |
| -mycin | end | antibiotics, produced by Streptomyces strains (see also -kacin) | 108 alvespimycin, ambomycin, amfomycin, antelmycin, antramycin, apramycin, avilamycin, azalomycin +100 moreazithromycin, azotomycin, bambermycin, bekanamycin, berythromycin, bicozamycin, biniramycin, bleomycin, bluensomycin, cactinomycin, carbomycin, cethromycin, cirolemycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, coumamycin, dactinomycin, daptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, diproleandomycin, dirithromycin, duazomycin, efrotomycin, endomycin, enramycin, enviomycin, erythromycin, flurithromycin, fosfomycin, fosmidomycin, gamithromycin, ganefromycin, hachimycin, hamycin, heliomycin, josamycin, kanamycin, kitasamycin, laidlomycin, lexithromycin, lidimycin, lincomycin, lividomycin, lucimycin, maridomycin, midecamycin, mikamycin, mirincamycin, mithramycin, mitomycin, mocimycin, modithromycin, nafithromycin, natamycin, nebramycin, neomycin, neutramycin, nogalamycin, oleandomycin, olivomycin, paldimycin, paromomycin, paulomycin, peliomycin, peplomycin, pirlimycin, plicamycin, porfiromycin, primycin, pristinamycin, puromycin, ranimycin, relomycin, retaspimycin, ribostamycin, rifamycin, rokitamycin, roxithromycin, rufocromomycin, rutamycin, salinomycin, sedecamycin, solithromycin, sparsomycin, spectinomycin, spiramycin, stallimycin, steffimycin, streptomycin, surotomycin, talisomycin, tanespimycin, telithromycin, terdecamycin, troleandomycin, trospectomycin, tulathromycin, vancomycin, viomycin, virginiamycin |
| nab | anywhere | cannabinoid receptor agonists | 14 cannabidiol, cannabinol, dronabinol, lenabasum, menabitan, nabazenil, nabilone, nabitan +6 morenaboctate, nonabine, olorinab, pirnabin, tedalinab, tinabinol |
| -nabant | end | cannabinoid receptor antagonists | 8 drinabant, giminabant, ibipinabant, otenabant, rimonabant, rosonabant, surinabant, taranabant |
| -nacept | end | interleukin-1 receptors | 1 rilonacept |
| -nakin | end | interleukin-1 analogues and derivatives | 2 mobenakin, pifonakin |
| nal- | start | opioid receptor antagonists/agonists related to normorphine | 11 nalbuphine, naldemedine, nalfurafine, nalmefene, nalmetrene, nalmexone, nalorphine, naloxegol +3 morenaloxone, naltalimide, naltrexone |
| -navir | end | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) protease inhibitors | 17 amprenavir, atazanavir, brecanavir, darunavir, droxinavir, elunonavir, fosamprenavir, indinavir +9 morelasinavir, lopinavir, mozenavir, nelfinavir, palinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telinavir, tipranavir |
| -nepag | end | prostaglandin receptor agonists, non-prostanoids | 6 aganepag, evatanepag, omidenepag, ralinepag, simenepag, taprenepag |
| -nermin | end | tumour necrosis factor | 11 ardenermin, dulanermin, efaprinermin alfa, efgivanermin alfa, eftozanermin alfa, pegipanermin, plusonermin, rilunermin alfa +3 moresonermin, tasonermin, tengonermin |
| -nercept | end | tumour necrosis factor receptors | 8 asunercept, baminercept, etanercept, lenercept, onercept, opinercept, pegsunercept, tulinercept |
| -nersen | end | targeting neurological functions | 10 lexanersen, movronersen, nusinersen, rovanersen, rugonersen, tadnersen, tominersen, ulefnersen +2 morezilganersen, zorevunersen |
| -nertant | end | neurotensin antagonists | 2 meclinertant, reminertant |
| -netant | end | neurokinin NK3 receptor antagonists | 5 elinzanetant, fezolinetant, osanetant, pavinetant, talnetant |
| -netide | end | neurological | 6 alirinetide, cibinetide, davunetide, nerinetide, orenetide, trofinetide |
| -nicate | end | antihypercholesterolaemic and/or vasodilating nicotinic acid esters | 8 ciclonicate, derpanicate, estrapronicate, glunicate, hepronicate, micinicate, pantenicate, sorbinicate |
| -nicline | end | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists / agonists | 14 altinicline, bradanicline, cytisinicline, dianicline, encenicline, facinicline, ispronicline, nelonicline +6 morepozanicline, rivanicline, simpinicline, sofinicline, tebanicline, varenicline |
| nico-/nic-/ni- | start | nicotinic acid or nicotinoyl alcohol derivatives | 36 inositol nicotinate, nialamide, niaprazine, nicafenine, nicainoprol, nicametate, nicanartine, nicardipine +28 morenicergoline, niceritrol, niceverine, nicoboxil, nicoclonate, nicocodine, nicocortonide, nicodicodine, nicofibrate, nicofuranose, nicofurate, nicomol, nicomorphine, nicopholine, nicorandil, nicothiazone, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotredole, nicoxamat, nictindole, nifenazone, nikethamide, niometacin, niprofazone, nixylic acid, nizofenone, xantinol nicotinate |
| -nidazole | end | antiprotozoals and radiosensitizers, metronidazole derivatives | 26 abunidazole, azanidazole, bamnidazole, benznidazole, carnidazole, doranidazole, etanidazole, fexinidazole +18 moreflunidazole, ipronidazole, metronidazole, misonidazole, morponidazole, moxnidazole, ornidazole, panidazole, pimonidazole, pirinidazole, propenidazole, ronidazole, satranidazole, secnidazole, sulnidazole, ternidazole, tinidazole, tivanidazole |
| -nidine | end | α2 adrenoreceptor agonists | 14 alinidine, apraclonidine, benclonidine, betanidine, brimonidine, clonidine, flutonidine, indanidine +6 moremoxonidine, piclonidine, povafonidine, rilmenidine, tiamenidine, tolonidine |
| nifur- former | start | 5-nitrofuran derivatives | 26 nifuradene, nifuraldezone, nifuralide, nifuratel, nifuratrone, nifurdazil, nifurethazone, nifurfoline +18 morenifurimide, nifurizone, nifurmazole, nifurmerone, nifuroquine, nifuroxazide, nifuroxime, nifurpipone, nifurpirinol, nifurprazine, nifurquinazol, nifursemizone, nifursol, nifurthiazole, nifurtimox, nifurtoinol, nifurvidine, nifurzide |
| -nil | end | benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (benzodiazepine derivatives) | 4 bretazenil, dimdazenil, flumazenil, sarmazenil |
| nitro-/nitr-/nit-/ni-/-ni- | start or inside | NO2 - derivatives | 33 nibroxane, nicardipine, niclofolan, niclosamide, nidroxyzone, nifedipine, nifenalol, nihydrazone +25 moreniludipine, nimesulide, nimorazole, niridazole, nisoldipine, nitarsone, nitracrine, nitrafudam, nitramisole, nitraquazone, nitrazepam, nitrefazole, nitrendipine, nitricholine perchlorate, nitroclofene, nitrocycline, nitrodan, nitrofural, nitrofurantoin, nitromifene, nitroscanate, nitrosulfathiazole, nitroxinil, nitroxoline, ranitidine |
| -nixin | end | anti-inflammatory, anilinonicotinic acid derivatives | 6 butanixin, clonixin, diclonixin, flunixin, isonixin, metanixin |
| -nonacog | end | blood factor IX | 4 albutrepenonacog alfa, dalcinonacog alfa, eftrenonacog alfa, trenonacog alfa |
| octakin | anywhere | interleukin-8 analogues and derivatives | 3 canoctakin, emoctakin, pimroctakin |
| -octadekin | end | interleukin-18 human analogues and derivatives | 1 iboctadekin |
| -octocog | end | blood factor VIII | 11 beroctocog alfa, damoctocog alfa pegol, efanesoctocog alfa, efmoroctocog alfa, lonoctocog alfa, moroctocog alfa, omfiloctocog alfa, rurioctocog alfa pegol +3 moresimoctocog alfa, turoctocog alfa, turoctocog alfa pegol |
| -olol | end | β-adrenoreceptor antagonists | 98 acebutolol, adaprolol, adimolol, afurolol, alprenolol, ancarolol, arnolol, arotinolol +90 moreatenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bometolol, bopindolol, bornaprolol, bucindolol, bucumolol, bufetolol, bunitrolol, bunolol, bupranolol, butocrolol, butofilolol, carazolol, carpindolol, carteolol, celiprolol, cetamolol, cicloprolol, cinamolol, cloranolol, crinolol, dexnebivolol, dexpropranolol, diacetolol, draquinolol, ecastolol, epanolol, ericolol, esatenolol, esmolol, exaprolol, falintolol, flestolol, flusoxolol, idropranolol, imidolol, indenolol, indopanolol, iprocrolol, isoxaprolol, landiolol, levobetaxolol, levobunolol, levomoprolol, levonebivolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol, nafetolol, nebivolol, nipradolol, oxprenolol, pacrinolol, pafenolol, pamatolol, pargolol, penbutolol, penirolol, pindolol, pirepolol, practolol, primidolol, procinolol, propranolol, ridazolol, ronactolol, soquinolol, spirendolol, talinolol, tazolol, teoprolol, tertatolol, tienoxolol, tilisolol, timolol, tiprenolol, tolamolol, toliprolol, trigevolol, xibenolol, xipranolol, zenidolol, zoleprodolol |
| -olone | end | steroids other than prednisolone derivatives | 6 alfadolone, eltanolone, ganaxolone, minaxolone, renanolone, sepranolone |
| -onakin | end | interleukin-1 analogues and derivatives | 1 pifonakin |
| -onide | end | steroids for topical use, acetal derivatives | 24 acrocinonide, amcinonide, budesonide, ciclesonide, cicortonide, ciprocinonide, desonide, dexbudesonide +16 moredrocinonide, fluclorolone acetonide, flumoxonide, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, fosimdesonide, halcinonide, itrocinonide, nicocortonide, procinonide, rofleponide, tralonide, triamcinolone benetonide, triamcinolone furetonide, triamcinolone hexacetonide, triclonide |
| -(o)nidine | end | α2 adrenoreceptor agonists, clonidine derivatives | 10 alinidine, apraclonidine, benclonidine, brimonidine, clonidine, flutonidine, moxonidine, piclonidine +2 morepovafonidine, tolonidine |
| -onium | end | quaternary ammonium compounds | 82 aclatonium napadisilate, alcuronium chloride, ambenonium chloride, azamethonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzilonium bromide, benzopyrronium bromide +74 morebenzoxonium chloride, bevonium metilsulfate, candocuronium iodide, carpronium chloride, cefalonium, cetalkonium chloride, cethexonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, ciclonium bromide, cyclopyrronium bromide, dacuronium bromide, decamethonium bromide, deditonium bromide, denatonium benzoate, diponium bromide, disiquonium chloride, dodeclonium bromide, dotefonium bromide, emepronium bromide, fenclexonium metilsulfate, fentonium bromide, fludazonium chloride, fubrogonium iodide, furtrethonium iodide, glycopyrronium bromide, heteronium bromide, hexafluronium bromide, hexamethonium bromide, hexasonium iodide, hexopyrronium bromide, lauralkonium chloride, mebezonium iodide, mecetronium etilsulfate, metalkonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, miristalkonium chloride, octafonium chloride, opratonium iodide, otilonium bromide, oxitefonium bromide, oxydipentonium chloride, oxyphenonium bromide, oxypyrronium bromide, oxysonium iodide, pancuronium bromide, penoctonium bromide, pentamethonium bromide, pentolonium tartrate, pipecuronium bromide, pirralkonium bromide, polidronium chloride, polixetonium chloride, prodeconium bromide, prolonium iodide, rapacuronium bromide, ritropirronium bromide, rocuronium bromide, sepazonium chloride, sofpironium bromide, stercuronium iodide, stilonium iodide, sultroponium, suxamethonium chloride, suxethonium chloride, tetradonium bromide, tetrylammonium bromide, tiametonium iodide, tibezonium iodide, tiemonium iodide, tiodonium chloride, toloconium metilsulfate, tonzonium bromide, triclobisonium chloride, vecuronium bromide |
| -opamine | end | dopaminergic agents dopamine derivatives used as cardiac stimulant/antihypertensives/diuretics | 9 butopamine, cliropamine, denopamine, dopamine, fosopamine, ibopamine, octopamine, oxidopamine +1 moreractopamine |
| -orex | end | anorexics | 23 acridorex, amfepentorex, aminorex, benfluorex, clobenzorex, cloforex, clominorex, difemetorex +15 moreetolorex, fenisorex, fenproporex, flucetorex, fludorex, fluminorex, formetorex, furfenorex, indanorex, mefenorex, morforex, oxifentorex, pentorex, picilorex, tiflorex |
| -orexant | end | orexin receptor antagonists | 11 almorexant, daridorexant, fazamorexant, filorexant, lemborexant, nemorexant, nivasorexant, seltorexant +3 moresuvorexant, tebideutorexant, vornorexant |
| -orph- | inside | opioid receptor antagonists/agonists, morphinan derivatives | 20 acetorphine, alletorphine, asalhydromorphone, buprenorphine, cyprenorphine, desomorphine, diprenorphine, etorphine +12 morehomprenorphine, hydromorphinol, hydromorphone, methyldesorphine, methyldihydromorphine, morphine glucuronide, nalorphine, nicomorphine, normorphine, oxymorphone, pentamorphone, semorphone |
| orphan | anywhere | opioid receptor antagonists/agonists, morphinan derivatives | 17 butorphanol, deudextromethorphan, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, levallorphan, levomethorphan, levophenacylmorphan, levorphanol +9 moremethylsamidorphan chloride, norlevorphanol, oxilorphan, phenomorphan, proxorphan, racemethorphan, racemorphan, samidorphan, xorphanol |
| -otermin | end | bone morphogenetic proteins | 5 avotermin, dibotermin alfa, eptotermin alfa, nebotermin, radotermin |
| -ox/-alox | end | antacids, aluminium derivatives | 14 acipimox, bifeprunox, cefminox, deferasirox, etofenprox, glucalox, mepixanox, nifurtimox +6 morepardoprunox, sucralox, sudexanox, sulbenox, tixanox, traxanox |
| -oxacin | end | antibacterials, nalidixic acid derivatives | 61 acorafloxacin, alalevonadifloxacin, alatrofloxacin, amifloxacin, balofloxacin, besifloxacin, binfloxacin, cadrofloxacin +53 morecetefloxacin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, danofloxacin, delafloxacin, difloxacin, droxacin, ecenofloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, esafloxacin, fandofloxacin, finafloxacin, fleroxacin, garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, ibafloxacin, irloxacin, lascufloxacin, levofloxacin, levonadifloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, merafloxacin, miloxacin, moxifloxacin, nadifloxacin, nemonoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, olamufloxacin, orbifloxacin, ozenoxacin, pazufloxacin, pefloxacin, pradofloxacin, premafloxacin, prulifloxacin, rosoxacin, rufloxacin, sarafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, tioxacin, tosufloxacin, trovafloxacin, ulifloxacin, vebufloxacin, zabofloxacin |
| -oxan(e) | end | benzodioxane derivatives | 14 ambenoxan, azaloxan, butamoxane, dexefaroxan, efaroxan, ethomoxane, flesinoxan, fluparoxan +6 moreguanoxan, idazoxan, imiloxan, pentamoxane, piperoxan, proroxan |
| -oxanide | end | antiparasitics, salicylanilides and analogues | 5 bromoxanide, clioxanide, diloxanide, nitazoxanide, rafoxanide |
| -oxef | end | antibiotics, oxacefalosporanic acid derivatives | 2 flomoxef, latamoxef |
| -oxepin | end | tricyclic compounds | 7 cidoxepin, doxepin, maroxepin, metoxepin, pinoxepin, savoxepin, spiroxepin |
| -oxetine | end | serotonin and/or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine derivatives | 18 ampreloxetine, ansoxetine, atomoxetine, dapoxetine, duloxetine, edivoxetine, esreboxetine, femoxetine +10 morefluoxetine, ifoxetine, litoxetine, nisoxetine, omiloxetine, paroxetine, reboxetine, seproxetine, tedatioxetine, vortioxetine |
| -oxicam | end | anti-inflammatory, isoxicam derivatives | 8 ampiroxicam, droxicam, isoxicam, lornoxicam, meloxicam, piroxicam, sudoxicam, tenoxicam |
| -oxifene | end | antiestrogens or estrogen receptor modulators, clomifene and tamoxifen derivatives | 13 afimoxifene, arzoxifene, bazedoxifene, droloxifene, idoxifene, lasofoxifene, levormeloxifene, miproxifene +5 moreormeloxifene, pipendoxifene, raloxifene, trioxifene, zindoxifene |
| -pafant | end | platelet-activating factor antagonists | 12 apafant, bepafant, dacopafant, foropafant, israpafant, lexipafant, minopafant, modipafant +4 morenupafant, rocepafant, setipafant, tulopafant |
| -pamide | end | diuretics, sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives (could be sulfamoylbenzamide) | 8 alipamide, besulpamide, clopamide, indapamide, isodapamide, tripamide, xipamide, zidapamide |
| -pamil | end | calcium channel blocker, verapamil derivatives | 13 anipamil, dagapamil, devapamil, dexverapamil, emopamil, etripamil, falipamil, gallopamil +5 morelevemopamil, nexopamil, ronipamil, tiapamil, verapamil |
| -paratide | end | parathyroid hormone analogues | 5 abaloparatide, eneboparatide, palopegteriparatide, semparatide, teriparatide |
| -parcin | end | for glycopeptide antibiotics | 2 avoparcin, orientiparcin |
| -parib | end | poly-ADP-Ribose polymerase inhibitors | 15 amelparib, atamparib, basroparib, fuzuloparib, iniparib, nesuparib, niraparib, olaparib +7 morepamiparib, rucaparib, saruparib, senaparib, talazoparib, veliparib, venadaparib |
| -parin | end | heparin derivatives including low molecular mass heparins | 18 adomiparin sodium, ardeparin sodium, bemiparin sodium, certoparin sodium, dalteparin sodium, deligoparin sodium, enoxaparin sodium, fondaparin sodium +10 moreheparin sodium, livaraparin calcium, minolteparin sodium, nadroparin calcium, parnaparin sodium, reviparin sodium, semuloparin sodium, sevuparin sodium, tafoxiparin sodium, tinzaparin sodium |
| -parinux | end | synthetic heparinoids | 3 fondaparinux sodium, idrabiotaparinux sodium, idraparinux sodium |
| -pendekin | end | interleukin-15 analogues and derivatives | 3 avipendekin pegol, fbalropendekin alfa, nogapendekin alfa |
| -pendyl | end | vasodilators | 3 isothipendyl, oxypendyl, prothipendyl |
| -penem | end | analogues of penicillanic acid antibiotics modified in the five-membered ring | 14 biapenem, doripenem, ertapenem, faropenem, imipenem, lenapenem, meropenem, panipenem +6 morerazupenem, ritipenem, sulopenem, tacapenem, tebipenem pivoxil, tomopenem |
| perfl(u)- | start | perfluorinated compounds used as blood substitutes and/or diagnostic agents | 9 perflenapent, perflexane, perflisobutane, perflisopent, perfluamine, perflubrodec, perflubron, perflubutane +1 moreperflunafene |
| -peridol | end | antipsychotics, haloperidol derivatives | 5 benperidol, bromperidol, droperidol, haloperidol, trifluperidol |
| -peridone | end | antipsychotics, risperidone derivatives | 10 abaperidone, belaperidone, cloperidone, iloperidone, lusaperidone, ocaperidone, paliperidone, risperidone +2 moreroluperidone, tioperidone |
| -perone | end | tranquillizers, neuroleptics, 4’-fluoro-4- piperidinobutyrophenone derivatives | 32 aceperone, amiperone, azabuperone, azaperone, biriperone, carperone, cicarperone, cinuperone +24 morecloroperone, declenperone, duoperone, fenaperone, fluspiperone, lenperone, lodiperone, lumateperone, melperone, metrenperone, milenperone, mindoperone, moperone, nonaperone, pipamperone, pirenperone, prideperone, primaperone, propyperone, roxoperone, setoperone, spiperone, timiperone, zoloperone |
| -pidem | end | hypnotics/sedatives, zolpidem derivatives | 4 alpidem, necopidem, saripidem, zolpidem |
| -pin(e) | end | tricyclic compounds | 53 amezepine, amoxapine, asenapine, batelapine, carbamazepine, cidoxepin, clorotepine, clotiapine +45 moreclozapine, damotepine, darenzepine, dibenzepin, dizocilpine, dosulepin, doxepin, elanzepine, enprazepine, erizepine, eslicarbazepine, esmirtazapine, etazepine, flumezapine, fluperlapine, licarbazepine, loxapine, maroxepin, metiapine, metitepine, metoxepin, mezepine, mirtazapine, nuvenzepine, olanzapine, oxcarbazepine, pentiapine, perlapine, pinoxepin, pirenzepine, prazepine, propizepine, quetiapine, rilapine, rispenzepine, savoxepin, serazapine, siltenzepine, spiroxepin, telenzepine, tenilapine, tilozepine, tropatepine, zicronapine, zolenzepine |
| -piprazole | end | psychotropics, phenylpiperazine derivatives | 9 aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, dapiprazole, elopiprazole, enpiprazole, lorpiprazole, mepiprazole, sonepiprazole +1 moretolpiprazole |
| -pirone | end | anxiolytics, buspirone derivatives | 10 alnespirone, binospirone, buspirone, enilospirone, perospirone, revospirone, tandospirone, tiospirone +2 moreumespirone, zalospirone |
| -pitant | end | neurokinin NK1 (substance P) receptor antagonist | 20 aprepitant, befetupitant, burapitant, casopitant, dapitant, ezlopitant, figopitant, fosaprepitant +12 morefosnetupitant, imnopitant, lanepitant, maropitant, netupitant, orvepitant, rolapitant, serlopitant, telmapitant, tradipitant, vestipitant, vofopitant |
| -pixant | end | purinoreceptor (P2X) antagonists | 5 camlipixant, eliapixant, filapixant, gefapixant, sivopixant |
| -plact | end | platelet factor 4 analogues and derivatives | 1 iroplact |
| -pladib | end | phospholipase A2 inhibitors | 8 darapladib, ecopladib, efipladib, fuzapladib, giripladib, goxalapladib, rilapladib, varespladib |
| -planin | end | glycopeptide antibacterials (Actinoplanes strains) | 4 actaplanin, mideplanin, ramoplanin, teicoplanin |
| -plase | end | enzymes | 1 amediplase |
| -platin | end | antineoplastic agents, platinum derivatives | 20 carboplatin, cisplatin, demplatin pegraglumer, dexormaplatin, enloplatin, eptaplatin, imifoplatin, iproplatin +12 morelobaplatin, miboplatin, miriplatin, nedaplatin, ormaplatin, oxaliplatin, picoplatin, satraplatin, sebriplatin, spiroplatin, triplatin tetranitrate, zeniplatin |
| -plermin | end | platelet-derived growth factor | 1 becaplermin |
| -plestim | end | interleukin-3 analogues and derivatives | 2 daniplestim, muplestim |
| -plon | end | imidazopyrimidine or pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives, used as anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics | 9 adipiplon, divaplon, fasiplon, indiplon, lorediplon, ocinaplon, panadiplon, taniplon +1 morezaleplon |
| -poetin | end | erythropoietin type blood factors | 10 darbepoetin alfa, epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin delta, epoetin epsilon, epoetin gamma, epoetin kappa, epoetin omega +2 moreepoetin theta, epoetin zeta |
| -porfin | end | benzoporphyrin derivatives | 10 fimaporfin, lemuteporfin, padeliporfin, padoporfin, redaporfin, rostaporfin, stannsoporfin, talaporfin +2 moretemoporfin, verteporfin |
| -poride | end | Na+/H+ antiport inhibitor | 5 cariporide, eniporide, rimeporide, sabiporide, zoniporide |
| -pramine | end | substances of the imipramine group | 18 azipramine, carpipramine, cianopramine, ciclopramine, clocapramine, clomipramine, depramine, desipramine +10 moreimipramine, ketimipramine, lofepramine, lopramine, metapramine, mosapramine, quinupramine, tampramine, tienopramine, trimipramine |
| -prazan | end | proton pump inhibitors, not dependent on acid activation | 9 abeprazan, fexuprazan, linaprazan, linaprazan glurate, revaprazan, soraprazan, tegoprazan, vonoprazan +1 morezastaprazan |
| -prazole | end | antiulcer, benzimidazole derivatives | 31 aripiprazole, azeloprazole, brexpiprazole, cinprazole, dapiprazole, dexlansoprazole, disuprazole, elopiprazole +23 moreenpiprazole, esaprazole, esomeprazole, fuprazole, ilaprazole, lansoprazole, leminoprazole, levolansoprazole, lorpiprazole, mepiprazole, nepaprazole, nilprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, picoprazole, pumaprazole, rabeprazole, saviprazole, sonepiprazole, tenatoprazole, timoprazole, tolpiprazole, ufiprazole |
| pred | anywhere | prednisone and prednisolone derivatives | 27 chloroprednisone, cloprednol, difluprednate, domoprednate, etiprednol dicloacetate, fluprednidene, fluprednisolone, halopredone +19 moreisoflupredone, isoprednidene, loteprednol, mazipredone, meprednisone, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone aceponate, methylprednisolone suleptanate, oxisopred, prednazate, prednazoline, prednicarbate, prednimustine, prednisolamate, prednisolone, prednisolone steaglate, prednisone, prednylidene, tipredane |
| -prenaline | end | bronchodilators, phenethylamine derivatives | 7 clorprenaline, hexoprenaline, isoprenaline, levisoprenaline, metiprenaline, orciprenaline, quinprenaline |
| -pressin | end | vasopressin analogues | 9 argipressin, desmopressin, felypressin, lypressin, ornipressin, selepressin, terlipressin, vasopressin injection +1 morevelmupressin |
| -previr | end | Hepatitis Virus C (HVC) protease inhibitors | 17 asunaprevir, boceprevir, ciluprevir, danoprevir, deldeprevir, faldaprevir, furaprevir, glecaprevir +9 moregrazoprevir, narlaprevir, paritaprevir, simaprevir, sovaprevir, telaprevir, vaniprevir, vedroprevir, voxilaprevir |
| -pride | end | sulpiride derivatives and analogues | 52 alepride, alizapride, alpiropride, amisulpride, aramisulpride, batanopride, broclepride, bromopride +44 morecinitapride, cipropride, cisapride, clebopride, cloxacepride, dazopride, denipride, dobupride, emonapride, esamisulpride, etacepride, eticlopride, flubepride, irolapride, isosulpride, itopride, lintopride, lirexapride, lorapride, mezacopride, minesapride, mosapride, naronapride, nemonapride, pancopride, peralopride, prosulpride, prucalopride, raclopride, relenopride, remoxipride, renzapride, revexepride, sulmepride, sultopride, sulverapride, tiapride, ticalopride, tinisulpride, trazolopride, tropapride, usmarapride, veralipride, zacopride |
| -pril | end | angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 28 alacepril, benazepril, captopril, ceronapril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, fosinopril +20 moreidrapril, imidapril, indolapril, libenzapril, lisinopril, moexipril, moveltipril, orbutopril, pentopril, perindopril, pivopril, quinapril, ramipril, rentiapril, spirapril, temocapril, trandolapril, utibapril, zabicipril, zofenopril |
| -prilat | end | angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 15 benazeprilat, cilazaprilat, enalaprilat, fosinoprilat, imidaprilat, moexiprilat, perindoprilat, quinaprilat +7 moreramiprilat, spiraprilat, temocaprilat, trandolaprilat, utibaprilat, zabiciprilat, zofenoprilat |
| -prim | end | antibacterials, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors, trimethoprim analogues | 11 aditoprim, baquiloprim, brodimoprim, epiroprim, iclaprim, metioprim, ormetoprim, talmetoprim +3 moretetroxoprim, trimethoprim, vaneprim |
| -pris- | inside | steroidal compounds acting on progesterone receptors (excluding -gest- compounds) | 11 aglepristone, asoprisnil, asoprisnil ecamate, lilopristone, lonaprisan, mifepristone, onapristone, telapristone +3 moretoripristone, ulipristal, vilaprisan |
| -pristin | end | antibacterials, streptogramins, protein synthesis inhibitors, pristinamycin derivatives | 6 dalfopristin, efepristin, flopristin, linopristin, quinupristin, volpristin |
| -profen | end | anti-inflammatory agents, ibuprofen derivatives | 47 alminoprofen, araprofen, atliprofen, bakeprofen, benoxaprofen, bermoprofen, bifeprofen, carprofen +39 morecicloprofen, cliprofen, dexibuprofen, dexindoprofen, dexketoprofen, esflurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flunoxaprofen, fluprofen, flurbiprofen, frabuprofen, furaprofen, furcloprofen, hexaprofen, ibuprofen, indoprofen, isoprofen, ketoprofen, lobuprofen, lonaprofen, losmiprofen, loxoprofen, mabuprofen, mexoprofen, miroprofen, odalprofen, pelubiprofen, piketoprofen, pirprofen, pranoprofen, suprofen, tazeprofen, tetriprofen, tilnoprofen arbamel, tioxaprofen, vedaprofen, ximoprofen, zaltoprofen, zoliprofen |
| prost | anywhere | prostaglandins | 72 alfaprostol, alprostadil, arbaprostil, ataprost, beraprost, bimatoprost, butaprost, carboprost +64 morecicaprost, ciloprost, ciprostene, clinprost, cloprostenol, cobiprostone, delprostenate, deprostil, dimoxaprost, dinoprost, dinoprostone, doxaprost, ecraprost, eganoprost, enisoprost, enprostil, epoprostenol, eptaloprost, esuberaprost, etiproston, fenprostalene, flunoprost, fluprostenol, froxiprost, gemeprost, iloprost, lanproston, latanoprost, latanoprostene bunod, limaprost, lubiprostone, luprostiol, meteneprost, mexiprostil, misoprostol, naxaprostene, nileprost, nobiprostolan, nocloprost, ornoprostil, oxoprostol, penprostene, pimilprost, piriprost, posaraprost, prostalene, remiprostol, rioprostil, rivenprost, rosaprostol, sepetaprost, spiriprostil, sulprostone, tafluprost, taprostene, tiaprost, tilsuprost, tiprostanide, travoprost, treprostinil, trimoprostil, unoprostone, vapiprost, viprostol |
| -prostil | end | prostaglandins, anti-ulcer | 8 arbaprostil, deprostil, enprostil, mexiprostil, ornoprostil, rioprostil, spiriprostil, trimoprostil |
| -(o)pterin | end | pteridine derivatives | 5 aminopterin sodium, fosdenopterin, ronopterin, sapropterin, sepiapterin |
| -pultide | end | peptides and proteins, used in pulmonary surfactants | 6 elopultide, lusupultide, obelpultide, redipultide, sinapultide, zelpultide alfa |
| -quidar | end | drugs used in multidrug resistance, quinoline derivatives | 5 dofequidar, encequidar, laniquidar, tariquidar, zosuquidar |
| -quinil | end | benzodiazepine receptor agonists, also partial or inverse (quinoline derivatives) | 3 lirequinil, radequinil, terbequinil |
| -racetam | end | amide type nootrope agents, piracetam type | 23 aloracetam, aniracetam, brivaracetam, cebaracetam, coluracetam, dimiracetam, doliracetam, dupracetam +15 moreetiracetam, fasoracetam, fonturacetam, imuracetam, levetiracetam, molracetam, nebracetam, nefiracetam, nicoracetam, omberacetam, oxiracetam, piracetam, pramiracetam, rolziracetam, seletracetam |
| -racil | end | uracil type antineoplastics | 7 eniluracil, fluorouracil, gimeracil, iodothiouracil, methylthiouracil, oteracil, propylthiouracil |
| -rafenib | end | Raf (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) kinase inhibitors | 13 agerafenib, belvarafenib, dabrafenib, encorafenib, exarafenib, lifirafenib, naporafenib, plixorafenib +5 moreregorafenib, sorafenib, tinlorafenib, tovorafenib, vemurafenib |
| -rasib | end | Ras protein inhibitors | 7 adagrasib, divarasib, fulzerasib, garsorasib, opnurasib, salirasib, sotorasib |
| -relin | end | pituitary hormone-release stimulating peptides | 35 anamorelin, avorelin, azetirelin, buserelin, capromorelin, corticorelin, deslorelin, dumorelin +27 moreexamorelin, fertirelin, gonadorelin, goserelin, histrelin, ipamorelin, lenomorelin, leuprorelin, lutrelin, macimorelin, montirelin, nafarelin, orotirelin, peforelin, posatirelin, pralmorelin, protirelin, relamorelin, rismorelin, rovatirelin, sermorelin, tabimorelin, taltirelin, tesamorelin, triptorelin, ulimorelin, zoptarelin doxorubicin |
| -relix | end | gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) inhibitors, peptides | 10 abarelix, cetrorelix, degarelix, detirelix, ganirelix, iturelix, ozarelix, prazarelix +2 moreramorelix, teverelix |
| -renone | end | mineralocorticoid receptor (MR, MCR, aldosterone receptor) antagonists | 10 apararenone, balcinrenone, canrenone, dicirenone, drospirenone, eplerenone, esaxerenone, finerenone +2 moremespirenone, spirorenone |
| -reotide | end | somatostatin receptor agonists/antagonists | 14 depreotide, edotreotide, ilatreotide, lanreotide, nendratareotide, nendratareotide uzatansine, octreotide, oxodotreotide +6 morepasireotide, pentetreotide, satoreotide, satoreotide trizoxetan, vapreotide, veldoreotide |
| -restat | end | aldose reductase inhibitors | 13 benurestat, caficrestat, epalrestat, fidarestat, imirestat, lidorestat, minalrestat, ponalrestat +5 moreranirestat, risarestat, tolrestat, zenarestat, zopolrestat |
| retin | anywhere | retinol derivatives | 14 acitretin, alitretinoin, doretinel, etretin, etretinate, fenretinide, isotretinoin, motretinide +6 morepelretin, peretinoin, retinol, tretinoin, tretinoin tocoferil, zuretinol acetate |
| -ribine | end | ribofuranyl-derivatives of the “pyrazofurin” type | 6 azaribine, cladribine, isatoribine, loxoribine, mizoribine, triciribine |
| rifa- | start | antibiotics, rifamycin derivatives | 10 rifabutin, rifalazil, rifametane, rifamexil, rifamide, rifampicin, rifamycin, rifapentine +2 morerifaxidine, rifaximin |
| -rinone | end | cardiac stimulants, amrinone derivatives | 10 amrinone, bemarinone, medorinone, milrinone, nanterinone, olprinone, pelrinone, saterinone +2 moretoborinone, vesnarinone |
| -ritide | end | natriuretic peptides | 7 anaritide, carperitide, cenderitide, navepegritide, nesiritide, ularitide, vosoritide |
| -rixin | end | chemokine CXCR receptor antagonists | 6 dazirixin, elubrixin, ladarixin, navarixin, reparixin, vimnerixin |
| -rizine | end | antihistaminics/cerebral (or peripheral) vasodilators | 9 belarizine, buterizine, cinnarizine, dotarizine, flunarizine, lifarizine, tagorizine, tamolarizine +1 moretrelnarizine |
| -rolimus | end | immunosuppressants, rapamycin derivatives | 9 everolimus, olcorolimus, pimecrolimus, ridaforolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus, temsirolimus, umirolimus +1 morezotarolimus |
| -rozole | end | aromatase inhibitors, imidazole-triazole derivatives | 8 anastrozole, fadrozole, finrozole, leflutrozole, letrozole, liarozole, talarozole, vorozole |
| -rsen | end | antisense oligonucleotides | 74 afovirsen, aganirsen, alicaforsen, amlivirsen, anivamersen, apatorsen, aprinocarsen, atesidorsen +66 morebaliforsen, beclanorsen, bepirovirsen, bezeparsen, brogidirsen, casimersen, cenersen, cimdelirsen, cobomarsen, cofirasersen, custirsen, danvatirsen, dematirsen, donidalorsen, drisapersen, eluforsen, eplontersen, eteplirsen, evazarsen, fesomersen, fomivirsen, frenlosirsen, gataparsen, golodirsen, inotersen, lademirsen, lexanersen, lufepirsen, mipomersen, miravirsen, mongersen, movronersen, mulnitorsen, nusinersen, obeversen, oblimersen, olezarsen, pelacarsen, pepirovirsen, pofarsen, prexigebersen, radavirsen, remlarsen, renadirsen, renapersen, rimigorsen, rovanersen, rugonersen, sapablursen, sepofarsen, suvodirsen, tadnersen, temavirsen, tominersen, tonlamarsen, trabedersen, trecovirsen, ulefnersen, ultevursen, varodarsen, vesleteplirsen, viltolarsen, volanesorsen, vupanorsen, zilganersen, zorevunersen |
| -rubicin | end | antineoplastics, daunorubicin derivatives | 24 aclarubicin, aldoxorubicin, amrubicin, berubicin, camsirubicin, carubicin, daunorubicin, detorubicin +16 moredoxorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin, galarubicin, idarubicin, ladirubicin, leurubicin, medorubicin, nemorubicin, pidorubicin, pirarubicin, rodorubicin, sabarubicin, valrubicin, zoptarelin doxorubicin, zorubicin |
| sal | anywhere | salicylic acid derivatives | 59 acetaminosalol, amotosalen, asalhydromorphone, balsalazide, calcium benzamidosalicylate, carbasalate calcium, carsalam, dersalazine +51 moredetanosal, diflunisal, etersalate, etosalamide, fenamisal, fendosal, flufenisal, flufosal, fosfosal, guacetisal, guaimesal, homosalate, imidazole salicylate, ipsalazide, isalmadol, isalsteine, lasalocid, mersalyl, mesalazine, octisalate, olsalazine, osalmid, parcetasal, parsalmide, pranosal, salacetamide, salafibrate, salantel, salazosulfadimidine, salazosulfamide, salazosulfathiazole, salcaprozic acid, salclobuzic acid, salcolex, saletamide, salfluverine, salicylamide, salinazid, salirasib, salnacedin, salprotoside, salsalate, salverine, sulfasalazine, sulprosal, susalimod, talosalate, tenosal, thiomersal, triflusal, xenysalate |
| -salan | end | brominated salicylamide derivatives disinfectant | 6 dibromsalan, flusalan, fursalan, metabromsalan, tiosalan, tribromsalan |
| -sartan | end | angiotensin II receptor antagonists, antihypertensive (non-peptidic) | 24 abitesartan, azilsartan, azilsartan medoxomil, azilsartan mepixetil, azilsartan mopivabil, candesartan, elisartan, embusartan +16 moreeprosartan, fimasartan, forasartan, irbesartan, losartan, milfasartan, olmesartan, olmesartan medoxomil, pomisartan, pratosartan, ripisartan, saprisartan, tasosartan, telmisartan, valsartan, zolasartan |
| -semide | end | diuretics, furosemide derivatives | 5 azosemide, furosemide, galosemide, sulosemide, torasemide |
| -sermin | end | insulin-like growth factors | 2 mecasermin, mecasermin rinfabate |
| -serod | end | serotonin receptor antagonists and partial agonists | 4 capeserod, piboserod, sulamserod, tegaserod |
| -serpine former | end | derivatives of Rauwolfia alkaloids | 3 bietaserpine, mefeserpine, reserpine |
| -sertib | end | serine/threonine kinase inhibitors | 65 adavosertib, afuresertib, alisertib, amcasertib, azenosertib, barasertib, berzosertib, camonsertib +57 morecapivasertib, cenisertib, ceralasertib, danusertib, darovasertib, defosbarasertib, delcasertib, eclitasertib, edecesertib, elimusertib, emavusertib, empesertib, fidrisertib, flizasertib, galunisertib, gartisertib, ibcasertib, ilorasertib, ipatasertib, itacnosertib, lartesertib, luvixasertib, miransertib, monzosertib, nedisertib, ocifisertib, oditrasertib, onatasertib, onvansertib, padnarsertib, pifusertib, pimasertib, piposertib, plogosertib, prexasertib, rabusertib, rigosertib, sapanisertib, selonsertib, silmitasertib, simurosertib, tanzisertib, tilpisertib, tilpisertib fosmecarbil, tinodasertib, tomivosertib, tozasertib, tuvusertib, uprosertib, uzansertib, vactosertib, vevorisertib, vistusertib, volasertib, zabedosertib, zilurgisertib, zimlovisertib |
| -setron | end | serotonin receptor antagonists (5-HT3) not fitting into other established groups of serotonin receptor antagonists | 20 alosetron, arazasetron, azasetron, bemesetron, cilansetron, dolasetron, fabesetron, galdansetron +12 moregranisetron, indisetron, itasetron, lerisetron, lurosetron, mirisetron, ondansetron, palonosetron, ramosetron, ricasetron, tropisetron, zatosetron |
| -siban | end | oxytocin antagonists | 6 atosiban, barusiban, cligosiban, epelsiban, nolasiban, retosiban |
| -siran | end | small interfering RNA including siRNA, miRNA and piRNA | 27 asvasiran, bamosiran, belcesiran, cemdisiran, cosdosiran, daplusiran, eldocasiran, elebsiran +19 morefazirsiran, fitusiran, givosiran, inclisiran126inclisiran, lixadesiran, lumasiran, manusiran, olpasiran, patisiran, pixofisiran, revusiran, sentisiran, teprasiran, tivanisiran, tomligisiran, xalnesiran, zerlasiran, zifcasiran, zilebesiran |
| som- | start | growth hormone derivatives | 15 somagrebove, somalapor, somapacitan, somatosalm, somatrem, somatrogon, somatropin, somatropin pegol +7 moresomavaratan, somavubove, somenopor, sometribove, sometripor, somfasepor, somidobove |
| -spirone | end | anxiolytics, buspirone derivatives | 10 alnespirone, binospirone, buspirone, enilospirone, perospirone, revospirone, tandospirone, tiospirone +2 moreumespirone, zalospirone |
| -stat/-stat- | end or inside | enzyme inhibitors | 155 abexinostat, abrucomstat, acebilustat, aderamastat, afegostat, aldumastat, alicapistat, alrestatin +147 morealteminostat, alvelestat, apratastat, atorvastatin, avagacestat, avoralstat, azalanstat, batimastat, baxdrostat, begacestat, belinostat, benurestat, berotralstat, bervastatin, bomedemstat, caficrestat, camostat, cavosonstat, cerivastatin, cetilistat, cilastatin, cindinustat, cipemastat, citarinostat, clesacostat, cobicistat, conendostatin, conestat alfa, crenigacestat, crilvastatin, cudetaxestat, dacinostat, dalvastatin, daprodustat, dazcapistat, denifanstat, depelestat, desidustat, devimistat, dexfadrostat, dociparstat, domatinostat, elcubragistat, emixustat, emvododstat, enarodustat, entinostat, epalrestat, ervogastat, etamicastat, ezatiostat, ezurpimtrostat, farudodstat, febuxostat, feniralstat, fidarestat, fimepinostat, firsocostat, fluvastatin, freselestat, fulacimstat, givinostat, glenvastatin, iadademstat, ibezapolstat, icerguastat, ilomastat, imetelstat, imirestat, irosustat, itavastatin, ivaltinostat, izilendustat, lanabecestat, lapaquistat, lenumlostat, lidorestat, linrodostat, lirametostat, lonodelestat, lorundrostat, lovastatin, lucerastat, luvadaxistat, marimastat, mevastatin, migalastat, miglustat, minalrestat, mitiperstat, mocetinostat, molidustat, nafamostat, nepicastat, ninerafaxstat, niraxostat, nirogacestat, onametostat, orlistat, otaplimastat, panobinostat, patamostat, pemrametostat, pinometostat, pitavastatin, ponalrestat, pracinostat, pravastatin, prinomastat, pulrodemstat, quisinostat, ranirestat, rebimastat, remetinostat, resminostat, ricolinostat, risarestat, rosuvastatin, roxadustat, seclidemstat, semagacestat, sepimostat, simvastatin, sivelestat, solimastat, tanomastat, tazemetostat, tefinostat, tenivastatin, tiprelestat, tolrestat, trofolastat chloride, tucidinostat, tulmimetostat, upamostat, vadadustat, vafidemstat, valemetostat, vorinostat, zabadinostat, zamicastat, zavondemstat, zenarestat, zinostatin, zinostatin stimalamer, ziritaxestat, zopolrestat |
| -steine | end | mucolytics, other than bromhexine derivatives | 20 acetylcysteine, bencisteine, carbocisteine, cartasteine, dacisteine, danosteine, erdosteine, fudosteine +12 moreguaisteine, isalsteine, letosteine, mecysteine, midesteine, moguisteine, nesosteine, omonasteine, prenisteine, salmisteine, taurosteine, telmesteine |
| -ster- | inside | androgens/anabolic steroids | 19 bexlosteride, bolasterone, cloxotestosterone, dutasteride, epristeride, finasteride, fluoxymesterone, izonsteride +11 morelapisteride, mesterolone, methyltestosterone, oxymesterone, penmesterol, prasterone, rosterolone, testosterone, testosterone ketolaurate, tiomesterone, turosteride |
| -steride | end | androgens/anabolic steroids | 7 bexlosteride, dutasteride, epristeride, finasteride, izonsteride, lapisteride, turosteride |
| -stigmine former | end | acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | 8 distigmine bromide, eptastigmine, ganstigmine, neostigmine bromide, pyridostigmine bromide, quilostigmine, rivastigmine, terestigmine |
| -stim | end | colony stimulating factors | 26 balugrastim, cilmostim, daniplestim, ecogramostim, efbemalenograstim alfa, eflapegrastim, eflenograstim alfa, empegfilsgrastim +18 morefilgrastim, lanimostim, lenograstim, leridistim, lipegfilgrastim, mecapegfilgrastim, milodistim, mirimostim, molgramostim, muplestim, nartograstim, pegbovigrastim, pegfilgrastim, pegnartograstim, pegteograstim, regramostim, sargramostim, telpegfilgrastim |
| -stinel | end | N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor co-agonists | 5 apimostinel, gavestinel, licostinel, rapastinel, zelquistinel |
| -sudil | end | Rho protein kinase inhibitors | 8 belumosudil, cotosudil, fasudil, netarsudil, ripasudil, sovesudil, verosudil, zelasudil |
| sulfa- | start | anti-infectives, sulfonamides | 51 sulfabenz, sulfabenzamide, sulfacarbamide, sulfacecole, sulfacetamide, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfachrysoidine, sulfacitine +43 moresulfaclomide, sulfaclorazole, sulfaclozine, sulfadiasulfone sodium, sulfadiazine, sulfadiazine sodium, sulfadicramide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, sulfadoxine, sulfaethidole, sulfafurazole, sulfaguanidine, sulfaguanole, sulfalene, sulfaloxic acid, sulfamazone, sulfamerazine, sulfamerazine sodium, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfametomidine, sulfametoxydiazine, sulfametrole, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamoxole, sulfanilamide, sulfanitran, sulfaperin, sulfaphenazole, sulfaproxyline, sulfapyrazole, sulfapyridine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfasalazine, sulfasomizole, sulfasuccinamide, sulfasymazine, sulfathiazole, sulfatolamide, sulfatroxazole, sulfatrozole |
| -sulfan | end | antineoplastic, alkylating agents, methanesulfonates | 6 busulfan, improsulfan, mannosulfan, piposulfan, ritrosulfan, treosulfan |
| -tacept | end | cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) receptors | 2 abatacept, belatacept |
| -tadine | end | tricyclic histamine-H1 receptor antagonists, tricyclic compounds | 9 alcaftadine, azatadine, cyproheptadine, desloratadine, loratadine, napactadine, olopatadine, rupatadine +1 morevapitadine |
| -tansine | end | maytansinoid derivatives, antineoplastics | 12 anetumab ravtansine, cantuzumab mertansine, cantuzumab ravtansine, coltuximab ravtansine, indatuximab ravtansine, laprituximab emtansine, lorvotuzumab mertansine, maitansine +4 moremirvetuximab soravtansine, naratuximab emtansine, tapatansine, trastuzumab emtansine |
| -tant | end | neurokinin (tachykinin) receptor antagonists | 30 aprepitant, befetupitant, burapitant, casopitant, dapitant, elinzanetant, ezlopitant, fezolinetant +22 morefigopitant, fosaprepitant, fosnetupitant, ibodutant, imnopitant, lanepitant, maropitant, meclinertant, nepadutant, netupitant, orvepitant, osanetant, pavinetant, reminertant, rolapitant, saredutant, serlopitant, talnetant, telmapitant, tradipitant, vestipitant, vofopitant |
| -tapide | end | microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors | 6 dirlotapide, granotapide, implitapide, lomitapide, mitratapide, usistapide |
| -taxel | end | antineoplastics; taxane derivatives | 13 cabazitaxel, docetaxel, larotaxel, milataxel, ortataxel, paclitaxel, paclitaxel ceribate, paclitaxel obaluronate +5 morepaclitaxel poliglumex, paclitaxel trevatide, simotaxel, sudocetaxel zendusortide, tesetaxel |
| -tecan | end | antineoplastics, topoisomerase I inhibitors | 26 afeletecan, atiratecan, belotecan, cositecan, davamotecan pegadexamer, delimotecan, diflomotecan, elemotecan +18 moreetirinotecan pegol, exatecan, exatecan alideximer, firtecan peglumer, firtecan pegol, gimatecan, irinotecan, labetuzumab govitecan, locnartecan, lurtotecan, mureletecan, namitecan, pegamotecan, rubitecan, sacituzumab govitecan, tenifatecan, topotecan, trastuzumab deruxtecan |
| -tegravir | end | HIV integrase inhibitors | 6 bictegravir, cabotegravir, dolutegravir, elvitegravir, pirmitegravir, raltegravir |
| -tepa | end | antineoplastics, thiotepa derivatives | 3 azatepa, pumitepa, thiotepa |
| -tepine | end | tricyclic compounds | 4 clorotepine, damotepine, metitepine, tropatepine |
| -teplase | end | tissue type plasminogen activators, see -ase | 10 alteplase, desmoteplase, duteplase, lanoteplase, monteplase, nateplase, pamiteplase, reteplase +2 moresilteplase, tenecteplase |
| -tercept | end | transforming growth factors receptors | 5 dalantercept, elritercept, luspatercept, ramatercept, sotatercept |
| -termin | end | transforming growth factor | 2 cetermin, liatermin |
| -terol | end | bronchodilators, phenethylamine derivatives | 41 abediterol, amiterol, arformoterol, bambuterol, batefenterol, bitolterol, broxaterol, carbuterol +33 morecarmoterol, cimaterol, clenbuterol, colterol, difeterol, divabuterol flerobuterol, etanterol, fenoterol, formoterol, ibuterol, imoxiterol, indacaterol, mabuterol, metaterol, milveterol, naminterol, nardeterol, navafenterol, nisbuterol, olodaterol, picumeterol, pirbuterol, prenalterol, procaterol, reproterol, rimiterol, salmeterol, tobuterol, tulobuterol, vilanterol, xamoterol, zilpaterol, zinterol |
| -terone | end | antiandrogens | 10 abiraterone, benorterone, cyproterone, delanterone, galeterone, inocoterone, ludaterone, osaterone +2 moretopterone, zanoterone |
| -thiouracil | end | uracil derivatives used as thyroid antagonists | 3 iodothiouracil, methylthiouracil, propylthiouracil |
| -tiazem | end | calcium channel blockers, diltiazem derivatives | 4 diltiazem, iprotiazem, nictiazem, siratiazem |
| -tibant | end | bradykinin receptor antagonists | 5 anatibant, deltibant, fasitibant chloride, icatibant, safotibant |
| -tide | end | peptides and glycopeptides (for special groups of peptides see -actide, -pressin, -relin, -tocin) | 90 abaloparatide, abecomotide, adegramotide, albenatide, albiglutide, alicdamotide, alirinetide, alrefimotide +82 moreamilomotide, apraglutide, asudemotide, baloramotide, bamadutide, beinaglutide, cibinetide, cotadutide, davunetide, depreotide, disomotide, dulaglutide, ecnoglutide, ederimotide, edotreotide, efinopegdutide, efpeglenatide, elopultide, elpamotide, elsiglutide, eneboparatide, etimumotide, exenatide, froniglutide, glepaglutide, graunimotide, ilatreotide, imsamotide, langlenatide, lanreotide, latromotide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, lusupultide, maridebart cafraglutide, marlumotide, mazdutide, nelatimotide, nendratareotide, nendratareotide uzatansine, nerinetide, obelpultide, octreotide, onilcamotide, orenetide, ovemotide, oxodotreotide, palopegteriparatide, pasireotide, pegapamodutide, pegloxenatide, pegsebrenatide, pemvidutide, pentetreotide, pradimotide, quasomotide, redipultide, riletamotide, satoreotide, satoreotide trizoxetan, semaglutide, semparatide, sinapultide, sultimotide alfa, survodutide, tanurmotide, tapderimotide, taspoglutide, tecemotide, teduglutide, teriparatide, tertomotide, tiplimotide, trempamotide, trofinetide, utreglutide, vapreotide, veldoreotide, vorumotide, vurolenatide, zastumotide, zelpultide alfa |
| -tidine | end | histamine-H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine derivatives | 27 bisfentidine, cimetidine, dalcotidine, donetidine, ebrotidine, etintidine, famotidine, lafutidine +19 morelamtidine, lavoltidine, loxtidine, lupitidine, mifentidine, niperotidine, nizatidine, osutidine, oxmetidine, pibutidine, quisultidine, ramixotidine, ranitidine, roxatidine, sufotidine, tiotidine, tuvatidine, venritidine, zaltidine |
| -tilide | end | class III antiarrhythmics, sematilide derivatives | 7 artilide, dofetilide, ersentilide, ibutilide, risotilide, sematilide, trecetilide |
| -tinib | end | tyrosine kinase inhibitors | 222 abivertinib, abrocitinib, acalabrutinib, adrixetinib, afatinib, alectinib, altiratinib, amuvatinib +214 moreanizatrectinib, ansornitinib, atinvicitinib, atuzabrutinib, aumolertinib, avapritinib, avutometinib, axitinib, bafetinib, baricitinib, befotertinib, belizatinib, bemcentinib, beprocitinib, bezuclastinib, binimetinib, boditrectinib, bosutinib, branebrutinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, canertinib, capmatinib, catequentinib, cerdulatinib, ceritinib, cobimetinib, conteltinib, crizotinib, dacomitinib, dalmelitinib, darizmetinib, dasatinib, decernotinib, defactinib, delgocitinib, denfivontinib, derazantinib, deucravacitinib, deuruxolitinib, dovitinib, dubermatinib, ebezotinib, edicotinib, edralbrutinib, elenestinib, elsubrutinib, elzovantinib, emzeltrectinib, ensartinib, entospletinib, entrectinib, epertinib, erdafitinib, erlotinib, evobrutinib, famitinib, fedratinib, fenebrutinib, filgotinib, fisogatinib, flumbatinib, foretinib, fosifidancitinib, fostamatinib, fruquintinib, futibatinib, gandotinib, gefitinib, gemnelatinib, gilteritinib, glesatinib, golidocitinib, golvatinib, gumarontinib, gunagratinib, gusacitinib, ibrutinib, ifebemtinib, ifidancitinib, ilginatinib, ilunocitinib, imatinib, infigratinib, itacitinib, ivarmacitinib, izencitinib, lapatinib, larotrectinib, lazertinib, lenvatinib, lestaurtinib, linsitinib, lirafugratinib, lorlatinib, lorpucitinib, luxeptinib, masitinib, mavelertinib, merestinib, mifanertinib, milrebrutinib, mirdametinib, mivavotinib, mobocertinib, momelotinib, mubritinib, naquotinib, narmafotinib, nazartinib, nemtabrutinib, neratinib, nezulcitinib, nilotinib, nimucitinib, oclacitinib, olafertinib, olverembatinib, orantinib, orelabrutinib, osimertinib, pacritinib, paltimatrectinib, pamufetinib, peficitinib, pegcantratinib, pelitinib, pemigatinib, pexidartinib, pexmetinib, pirtobrutinib, ponatinib, poseltinib, povorcitinib, poziotinib, pralsetinib, pumecitinib, quizartinib, radotinib, ralimetinib, rebastinib, refametinib, remibrutinib, repotrectinib, resencatinib, rezivertinib, rilzabrutinib, ripretinib, risvodetinib, ritlecitinib, roblitinib, rociletinib, rogaratinib, ropsacitinib, rovadicitinib, ruserontinib, ruxolitinib, sacibertinib, sapitinib, saracatinib, savolitinib, selitrectinib, selpercatinib, selumetinib, seralutinib, sitravatinib, sofnobrutinib, solcitinib, sotuletinib, spebrutinib, sunitinib, sunvozertinib, surufatinib, taletrectinib, tamnorzatinib, tandutinib, tarloxotinib bromide, tasurgratinib, telatinib, tepotinib, tesevatinib, tinengotinib, tirabrutinib, tivantinib, tofacitinib, tolebrutinib, trametinib, tucatinib, tunlametinib, tuspetinib, tuxobertinib, unecritinib, upadacitinib, utatrectinib, vamotinib, varlitinib, vebreltinib, vecabrutinib, vepafestinib, vimseltinib, vodobatinib, xiliertinib, zanubrutinib, zanzalintinib, zapnometinib, zasocitinib, zeteletinib, zidesamtinib, zipalertinib, zoligratinib, zongertinib, zorifertinib, zunsemetinib, zurletrectinib |
| -tirelin | end | thyrotropin releasing hormone analogues | 8 azetirelin, fertirelin, montirelin, orotirelin, posatirelin, protirelin, rovatirelin, taltirelin |
| -tizide | end | diuretics, chlorothiazide derivatives | 10 altizide, bemetizide, butizide, carmetizide, epitizide, hydrobentizide, mebutizide, paraflutizide +2 morepenflutizide, sumetizide |
| -tocin | end | oxytocin derivatives | 8 argiprestocin, aspartocin, carbetocin, cargutocin, demoxytocin, merotocin, nacartocin, oxytocin |
| -toclax | end | B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) inhibitors | 10 imlatoclax, lisaftoclax, mirzotamab clezutoclax, murizatoclax, navitoclax, obatoclax, pelcitoclax, sonrotoclax +2 moretapotoclax, venetoclax |
| -toin former | end | antiepileptics, hydantoin derivatives | 10 albutoin, clodantoin, ethotoin, fosphenytoin, imepitoin, mephenytoin, metetoin, nitrofurantoin +2 morephenytoin, ropitoin |
| -tolimod | end | toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists | 17 agatolimod, cavrotolimod, cobitolimod, entolimod, guretolimod, lapretolimod, lefitolimod, motolimod +9 morepolvitolimod, rintatolimod, ruzotolimod, selgantolimod, telratolimod, tilsotolimod, vesatolimod, vidutolimod, xempritolimod |
| -trakin | end | interleukin-4 analogues and derivatives | 1 binetrakin |
| -trakinra | end | interleukin-4 receptor antagonists | 1 pitrakinra |
| -traline | end | serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 5 dasotraline, indatraline, lometraline, sertraline, tametraline |
| -tredekin | end | interleukin-13 analogues and derivatives | 1 cintredekin besudotox |
| -trep | end | transient receptor potential antagonists | 6 asivatrep, elismetrep, evifacotrep, libvatrep, mavatrep, motugivatrep |
| -trexate | end | folic acid analogues | 5 edatrexate, ketotrexate, methotrexate, pralatrexate, trimetrexate |
| -trexed | end | antineoplastics; thymidilate synthetase inhibitors | 5 ideltrexed, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, plevitrexed, raltitrexed |
| -tricin | end | antibiotics, polyene derivatives | 3 amcipatricin, mepartricin, partricin |
| -trigine | end | sodium channel blockers, signal transduction modulators | 10 bliretrigine, elpetrigine, lamotrigine, palatrigine, raxatrigine, relutrigine, sipatrigine, suzetrigine +2 morevixotrigine, zandatrigine |
| -tril/trilat | end | endopeptidase inhibitors | 10 candoxatril, candoxatrilat, ecadotril, fasidotril, ilepatril, omapatrilat, racecadotril, sacubitril +2 moresacubitrilat, sampatrilat |
| -triptan | end | serotonin (5HT1) receptor agonists, sumatriptan derivatives | 10 almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, oxitriptan, rizatriptan +2 moresumatriptan, zolmitriptan |
| -triptyline | end | antidepressants, dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane or cyclopheptene derivatives | 7 amitriptyline, butriptyline, cotriptyline, intriptyline, nortriptyline, octriptyline, protriptyline |
| -troban | end | thromboxane A2-receptor antagonists; antithrombotic agents | 9 argatroban, daltroban, domitroban, ifetroban, linotroban, mipitroban, ramatroban, sulotroban +1 moreterutroban |
| -trodast | end | thromboxane A2-receptor antagonists, antiasthmatics | 2 imitrodast, seratrodast |
| -trombopag | end | thrombopoietin agonists | 5 avatrombopag, eltrombopag, lusutrombopag, rafutrombopag, totrombopag |
| trop | anywhere | atropine derivatives | 41 atropine methonitrate, atropine oxyde, benzatropine, butropium bromide, ciclotropium bromide, cimetropium bromide, clobenztropine, cyheptropine +33 moredarotropium bromide, decitropine, deptropine, esbatropate, etybenzatropine, eucatropine, flutropium bromide, homatropine methylbromide, ilmetropium iodine, ipratropium bromide, octatropine methylbromide, oxitropium bromide, phenactropinium chloride, revatropate, ritropirronium bromide, sevitropium mesilate, sintropium bromide, sultroponium, tematropium metilsulfate, tiotropium bromide, tipetropium bromide, tropabazate, tropanserin, tropantiol, tropapride, tropatepine, tropenziline bromide, tropicamide, tropigline, tropirine, tropisetron, tropodifene, xenytropium bromide |
| -tug | end | unmodified immunoglobulins (current monoclonal antibody naming scheme) | 34 becotatug, belrestotug, calpurbatug, canrivitug, casdozokitug, danburstotug, dargistotug, devextinetug +26 moreduvakitug, eglatoprutug, ersodetug, falbikitug, firastotug, gorivitug, lafuvitug, muzastotug, nelistotug, nezutatug, nisevokitug, nisfvitug, puxitatug samrotecan, puxittug, raludotatug, raludotatug deruxtecan, ralzapastotug, remternetug, sabirnetug, suvemcitug, upinitatug, upinitatug rilsodotin, veligrotug, vilamakitug, vopikitug, zovostotug |
| -ur | end | uridine derivatives used as antiviral agents and as antineoplastics | 3 carmofur, clanfenur, tegafur |
| -uridine | end | uridine derivatives used as antiviral agents and as antineoplastics | 11 broxuridine, cedazuridine, doxifluridine, fialuridine, floxuridine, fosfluridine tidoxil, fosifloxuridine nafalbenamide, idoxuridine +3 morenavuridine, ropidoxuridine, trifluridine |
| -vaptan | end | vasopressin receptor antagonists | 9 balovaptan, conivaptan, lixivaptan, mozavaptan, nelivaptan, relcovaptan, ribuvaptan, satavaptan +1 moretolvaptan |
| -vastatin | end | antihyperlipidaemic substances, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors | 15 atorvastatin, bervastatin, cerivastatin, crilvastatin, dalvastatin, fluvastatin, glenvastatin, itavastatin +7 morelovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, tenivastatin |
| -verine | end | spasmolytics with a papaverine-like action | 41 alverine, amifloverine, bietamiverine, butaverine, camiverine, caroverine, clofeverine, demelverine +33 moredenaverine, dexsecoverine, dicycloverine, dihexyverine, dipiproverine, diproteverine, drotaverine, elziverine, ethaverine, febuverine, fenoverine, floverine, heptaverine, ibuverine, idaverine, mebeverine, milverine, mofloverine, moxaverine, nafiverine, niceverine, octaverine, pargeverine, pentoxyverine, pramiverine, prenoverine, propiverine, rociverine, salfluverine, salverine, secoverine, temiverine, zardaverine |
| -vetmab | end | monoclonal antibodies for veterinary use | 13 anivovetmab, bedinvetmab, blontuvetmab, cirevetmab, dovanvetmab, frunevetmab, gilvetmab, izenivetmab +5 morelokivetmab, ranevetmab, relfovetmab, tamtuvetmab, tirnovetmab |
| vin-/-vin- | start or inside | vinca alkaloids | 27 apovincamine, brovincamine, vinblastine, vinburnine, vincamine, vincanol, vincantril, vinconate +19 morevincristine, vindeburnol, vindesine, vinepidine, vinflunine, vinformide, vinfosiltine, vinglycinate, vinleucinol, vinleurosine, vinmegallate, vinorelbine, vinpocetine, vinpoline, vinrosidine, vintafolide, vintoperol, vintriptol, vinzolidine |
| vir | anywhere | antivirals (undefined group) | 187 abacavir, abimtrelvir, aciclovir, adafosbuvir, adefovir, afovirsen, alamifovir, alisporivir +179 morealvircept sudotox, amdoxovir, amenamevir, amitivir, amlivirsen, amprenavir, aplaviroc, asunaprevir, atazanavir, atevirdine, balapiravir, baloxavir marboxil, beclabuvir, bemnifosbuvir, bepirovirsen, besifovir, bevirimat, boceprevir, bofutrelvir, brecanavir, buciclovir, canocapavir, celgosivir, cenicriviroc, cidofovir, ciluprevir, claficapavir, coblopasvir, daclatasvir, danoprevir, dapivirine, darunavir, dasabuvir, delavirdine, deldeprevir, deleobuvir, denotivir, depulfavirine, desciclovir, detiviciclovir, doravirine, droxinavir, efavirenz, elbasvir, elsulfavirine, elunonavir, emivirine, enfuvirtide, ensitrelvir, entecavir, enviradene, enviroxime, enzaplatovir, eprociclovir, etravirine, faldaprevir, famciclovir, favipiravir, filibuvir, filociclovir, fipravirimat, firzacorvir, fomivirsen, fosamprenavir, fosdevirine, fostemsavir, furaprevir, galidesivir, ganciclovir, glecaprevir, grazoprevir, inarigivir soproxil, indinavir, islatravir, lagociclovir, lagociclovir valactate, laninamivir, lasinavir, ledipasvir, lenacapavir, lersivirine, letermovir, linvencorvir, litomeglovir, lobucavir, lomibuvir, lopinavir, loviride, lufotrelvir, maraviroc, maribavir, mindeudesivir, miravirsen, molnupiravir, mozenavir, narlaprevir, nelfinavir, neracorvir, nesbuvir, nevirapine, nirmatrelvir, obeldesivir, odalasvir, omaciclovir, ombitasvir, onradivir, opaviraline, oseltamivir, palinavir, paritaprevir, penciclovir, pepirovirsen, peramivir, pibrentasvir, pimodivir, pirodavir, pocapavir, pomotrelvir, pradefovir, presatovir, pritelivir, radalbuvir, radavirsen, ravidasvir, remdesivir, riamilovir, ribavirin, rilematovir, rilpivirine, ritonavir, rociclovir, rovafovir etalafenamide, rupintrivir, ruzasvir, samatasvir, saquinavir, setrobuvir, simaprevir, sisunatrovir, sofosbuvir, sovaprevir, talviraline, taribavirin, tecovirimat, tegobuvir, telaprevir, telinavir, temavirsen, temsavir, tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir amibufenamide, tenofovir exalidex, teslexivir, tifuvirtide, tipranavir, tiviciclovir, tivirapine, tomeglovir, trecovirsen, trovirdine, ulonivirine, umifenovir, uprifosbuvir, valaciclovir, valganciclovir, valomaciclovir, vaniprevir, vapendavir, vebicorvir, vedroprevir, velpatasvir, vicriviroc, viroxime, voxilaprevir, zanamivir, zegruvirimat, zinviroxime, ziresovir |
| -vircept | end | antiviral receptors | 1 alvircept sudotox |
| -virine | end | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) | 9 dapivirine, doravirine, elsulfavirine, emivirine, etravirine, fosdevirine, lersivirine, rilpivirine +1 moreulonivirine |
| -viroc | end | CCR5 (Chemokine CC motif receptor 5) receptor antagonists | 4 aplaviroc, cenicriviroc, maraviroc, vicriviroc |
| -virsen | end | antisense oligonucleotides, antivirals | 9 afovirsen, amlivirsen, bepirovirsen, fomivirsen, miravirsen, pepirovirsen, radavirsen, temavirsen +1 moretrecovirsen |
| -vivint | end | Wnt signaling inhibitors | 6 cirtuvivint, foscenvivint, ipivivint, lorecivivint, tegavivint, teplinovivint |
| -vudine | end | uridine derivatives used as antiviral agents and as antineoplastics | 15 alovudine, brivudine, censavudine, clevudine, epervudine, fosalvudine tidoxil, fosclevudine alafenamide, fozivudine tidoxil +7 morelamivudine, netivudine, sorivudine, stavudine, telbivudine, valnivudine, zidovudine |
| -xaban | end | blood coagulation factor XA inhibitors, antithrombotics | 10 apixaban, betrixaban, darexaban, edoxaban, eribaxaban, fidexaban, letaxaban, otamixaban +2 morerazaxaban, rivaroxaban |
| -xetan | end | chelating agents | 19 anetumab corixetan, cabiotraxetan, clivatuzumab tetraxetan, epitumomab cituxetan, ibritumomab tiuxetan, lilotomab satetraxetan, lintuzumab satetraxetan, pelgifatamab corixetan +11 morerofapitide tetraxetan, rosopatamab tetraxetan, satoreotide tetraxetan, satoreotide trizoxetan, tabituximab barzuxetan, tacatuzumab tetraxetan, tetraxetan, tezatabep matraxetan, trastuzumab corixetan, vipivotide tetraxetan, zalsenertant tetraxetan |
| -yzine | end | diphenylmethyl piperazine derivatives | 1 hydroxyzine |
| -zafone | end | alozafone derivatives | 8 alozafone, avizafone, ciprazafone, dinazafone, dulozafone, lorzafone, oxazafone, rilmazafone |
| -zepine | end | tricyclic compounds | 20 amezepine, carbamazepine, darenzepine, elanzepine, enprazepine, erizepine, eslicarbazepine, etazepine +12 morelicarbazepine, mezepine, nuvenzepine, oxcarbazepine, pirenzepine, prazepine, propizepine, rispenzepine, siltenzepine, telenzepine, tilozepine, zolenzepine |
| -zolast | end | leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors | 5 binizolast, eclazolast, ontazolast, quazolast, tetrazolast |
| -zolid | end | oxazolidinone antibacterials | 9 cadazolid, contezolid, delpazolid, eperezolid, linezolid, posizolid, radezolid, sutezolid +1 moretedizolid |
| -zomib | end | proteasome inhibitors | 6 bortezomib, carfilzomib, delanzomib, ixazomib, marizomib, oprozomib |
| -zone | end | anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone derivatives | 9 azapropazone, benhepazone, bumadizone, cinnopentazone, isamfazone, metamfazone, osmadizone, proxifezone +1 moreruvazone |
| -zotan | end | 5-HT1A receptor agonists / antagonists acting primarily as neuroprotectors | 6 lecozotan, naluzotan, osemozotan, piclozotan, robalzotan, sarizotan |
Source and licence
Stems, definitions and example names come from Use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances, 2024 (World Health Organization, Stem book 2024, ISBN 978-92-4-009938-8, covering proposed INN Lists 1–129). Checked 2026-09-23. The table was extracted from the PDF by a script: Part II B gives each stem and its definition, Part IV the example names WHO lists as using the stem as defined. Where WHO gives several spellings for one stem (-adol or -adol-) they share a row. 39 entries of the stem book are not in the table: WHO gives no definition for them, or no example name could be read reliably from the PDF.
Adapted from: Use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances, 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. This adaptation was not created by WHO; WHO is not responsible for its content or accuracy and does not endorse this site. The data file stems.json is shared under the same licence.